When contributing to this repository, please first discuss the change you wish to make via issue, email, or any other method with the owners of this repository before making a change. You will find the GovStack issue queue on Jira.

Please note we have a code of conduct, please follow it in all your interactions with the project.

The GovStack community understands that there are a wide variety of people from different backgrounds that have valuable insight into the work GovStack is doing. Therefore, we provide multiple ways in which people from those different backgrounds can interact and give us their insight. Here are three:

1. Proposing changes via a pull request

Some members of the community will have experience using git to directly interact with specification content and you may do so with the following process.

Note that the content in the GovStack specifications follows the markdown standards applied by the GitBook tool.

1. Check our issue queue first to see if anyone else has already reported this issue.

2. Create a new "bug" and tell us about the problem that you see.

3. The maintainer of this section will be alerted and work with you to decide what changes should be made.

4. If invited to do so, create a pull request in the GovStack Specifications repository, including the issue number and short description in the pull request title, for example: {issue number] - {short description of the change}- an example would be gov-001 - Adding contribution information ``Note that pull requests that do not mention an associated issue number will not be alerted to our maintainers.

5. Once the issue describes the reason for a change and links to the change you propose, tag the issue with the correct building block tag so that a maintainer for that building block is alerted.

6. The maintainer will work with you to ensure that the change meets our standards for inclusion.

7. Once a maintainer approves the change, a release manager will be alerted to commit the change.

8. We value all contributions to the project and, even if the change is not accepted, we always strive to give feedback that helps you understand the decisions taken.

2. Proposing a change via GitBook

Other people may prefer to interact with the GovStack specifications by proposing their changes

1. Make an issue in the issue queue.

2. Describe the changes you propose in the issue.

3. Tag the issue with the appropriate building block tag to alert Maintainers in that area of the project.

4. Request access to GitBook as an Editor.

5. Create a new Change Request in GitBook in the "GovStack Specification - main" space which is where we work on new changes. Add the issue number to the subject of the change request in the format {issue number] - {short description of the change}

6. The maintainer will work with you to ensure that the change meets our standards for inclusion.

7. Once a maintainer approves the change, a release manager will be alerted to commit the change.

8. We value all contributions to the project and, even if the change is not accepted, we always strive to give feedback that helps you understand the decisions taken.

3. Proposing a change via email

Finally, some people might prefer to simply send an email:

1. Send an email to the GovStack issue queue automatically, describing the change you think should be made and include a link to the public page of the part of the specification that needs the change.

2. An issue in our issue queue will be automatically created and a maintainer will be in contact with you to work on the change together.

The GovStack initiative aims to build a common understanding and technical practice on fundamental reusable and interoperable digital components, which we collectively refer to as Building Blocks. Our effort is expert-driven and community-based, and includes the participation of multiple stakeholders to bring together expertise for strengthening a government's cross-agency architecture view.

Our focus is to enable countries to kickstart their digital transformation journey by adopting, deploying, and scaling digital government services. Through the digital "building blocks" approach, governments can easily create or modify their digital platforms, services, and applications by also simplifying cost, time, and resource requirements.

As with any software implementation, there are constraints and limitations in the GovStack approach that must be addressed. In any country context, there will be deficiencies that present challenges to any technology implementation. In the context of GovStack, the constraints and deficiencies that may be present must be considered at the outset of any project.

Here is a list of potential deficiencies that may be encountered with high-level descriptions:

Additionally, the Principles for Digital Development are especially relevant when designing for low resource setting. Refer to https://digitalprinciples.org/ for information on these Principles.

Each building block specification SHOULD specify mitigations for these issues.

Developed by Max Carlson, Kristo Vaher, Steve Conrad, Dr. P. S. Ramkumar, Uwe Washer, and Trevor Kensey

This document is intended to provide guidance for building block working groups and developers of products that will be integrated into a GovStack implementation. It also provides guidlines for implementers and system integrators who are deploying solutions that leverage the GovStack approach. It provides guidelines and principles that should be considered by all building blocks and cross-cutting requirements that must be considered for any GovStack project.

This will accelerate the collaborative development of best-of-breed digital public goods, enhancing efficiency and transparency across the world - especially in low-resource settings.

2.1 GovStack and the Building Blocks Approach

GovStack aims to provide a reference architecture for digital governance software to support sustainable development goals. Rooted in a "Whole-of-Government" approach, the GovStack Framework provides a methodology for leveraging common technology components and infrastructure to more easily create and deploy interoperable digital platforms which can address high-priority use cases across multiple sectors. The guidelines and requirements described in this document provide a framework for the development of digital building blocks oriented toward this goal.

2.2 Criteria for Building Blocks

The following provide criteria and definitions for Building Blocks, developed by organizations whose work is focused around achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

SDG Digital Investment Framework

The SDG Digital Investment Framework, developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Digital Impact Alliance (DIAL), has formally defined criteria. Building blocks MUST meet the following criteria:

• Reusable software components

• Licensed as open source, proprietary, or freely available with Open Access to data

• Facilitates one or more generic Workflows

• Applicable to multiple SDG Use Cases across multiple sectors

• Interoperable with other ICT Building Blocks

• Designed for Scalability

• Designed for Extensibility

• Standards Based Conformance or Compliance

Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA)

Additionally, the Digital Public Goods Alliance has created a definition of Building Blocks. In this definition, a building block:

• Refers to software code, platforms, and applications that are interoperable, provide a basic digital service at scale, and can be reused for multiple use cases and contexts.

• Serves as a component of a larger system or stack.

• Can be used to facilitate the delivery of digital public services via functions, which may include registration, scheduling, ID authentication, payment, data administration, and messaging.

• Building blocks can be combined and adapted to be included as part of a stack of technologies to form a country’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).

• Building blocks may be open source or proprietary and therefore are not always DPGs.

"Building blocks can be as simple as a common set of rules or protocols (for example email programs like Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP), or complex (for example an open-source health information system like the DPG, District Health Information Software - DHIS2)“

Characteristics of building blocks:

• Autonomous: building blocks provide a standalone, reusable service or set of services, they may be composed of many modules/microservices.

• Generic: building blocks are flexible across use cases and sectors.

• Interoperable: building blocks must be able to combine, connect, and interact with other building blocks.

• Iterative evolvability: building blocks can be improved even while being used as part of solutions.

Per the DPGA definition, to be considered a building block, solutions must meet the following technical requirements determined by the GovStack Initiative which includes:

1. Open API, Open API Specifications, Rest API

2. Packaged in a container

3. Include a information mediator where communication flows between services that are not co-located

2.3 Building Blocks

Building blocks are software modules that can be deployed and combined in a standardized manner. Each building block is capable of working independently, but they can be combined to do much more:

Building blocks are composable, interoperable software modules that can be used across a variety of use cases. They are standards-based, open source and designed for scale.

Each Building Block represents, as much as possible, the minimum required functionality (MVP) to do its job. This ensures each Building Block is usable and useful on its own, and easily extensible to support a variety of use cases.

A Building Block is composed of domain-driven microservices, modeled as closely as possible on existing roles and processes. This helps ensure each building block is as useful as possible in the real world.

Building Blocks exchange data using lightweight, human-readable data that can easily be extended where needed. Data models and APIs are described in a lightweight manner that’s human-readable, allowing them to be easily and quickly understood and validated.

2.3.1 Building Blocks and UI/UX

A building block may also be an application which provides re-usable interfaces:

1. An admin-only form builder which facilitates building user interfaces (e.g., select questions to be displayed in a maternal-and-child-health registration process)

2. User interfaces (i.e., forms) which can be used in lieu of individual end-user apps building their own forms (e.g. I’m building a new maternal and child health application; I’d like to use a registration screen flow that’s been pre-built in the registration building block as part of a larger, composed application.)

3. A public API which exposes the critical back-end services performed by this BB (adding a mom to a database; checking for a mom’s enrollment status in a program) to be used (as a microservice) by existing or new applications with legacy/bespoke needs (e.g., i’ve already got a maternal and child health app that the CHWs are using, and I want to send a webhook to the registration BB after a CHW clicks “submit” on our custom form.)

2.4 Cross-Building Block Communication

A building block is only so useful on its own. In practice, building blocks MUST be connected together in a secure, robust, trusted manner that facilitates distributed deployments and communications with existing services.

It is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that a building block use an information mediator (as described below and in the Information Mediator Building Block specification) for any communications across the internet. An Information Mediator is not required for communication between building blocks which are co-located. In this case, communication may occur using standard API calls.

2.4.1 Federation and Data Exchange Requirements

Each building block deployment SHOULD use an Information Mediator to federate and communicate with other data consumers and providers, particularly when communicating between services that are not co-located. This ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and interoperability between data exchange parties. An Information Mediator MUST provide the following capabilities:

• address management

• message routing

• access rights management

• organization-level authentication

• machine-level authentication

• transport-level encryption

• time-stamping

• digital signature of messages

• logging

• error handling

• monitoring and alerting

• service registry and discovery

Refer to the full description of the Information Mediator Building Block for more information.

2.4.2 Organizational Model

In order to effectively deploy a software solution using the Information Mediator, several policies and processes will need to be applied. This section briefly describes that organizational processes that must be in place.

First, a central operator will be identified and created. This organization will be responsible for the overall operation of the system, including operations and onboarding new members. Policies and contractual agreements for onboarding need to be created.

Trust services need to be set up internally or procured from third parties, including timestamp and certificate authorities. This provides the necessary infrastructure to support distributed deployments.

Finally, members can be onboarded and provided with access to the Information Mediator and methods to register the services that they provide as well as discover services that are available.

Once agreements are in place, members can deploy new services in a decentralized, distributed manner. Before deploying a new service, the central operator must be notified of any changes to access-rights, including organization and machine-level authentication before it can publish or consume data.

2.4.3 Technical Architecture

This section provides an overview of the technical processes and architecture that must be implemented once the organizational model has been created.

1. A Central Operator is responsible for maintaining a registry of members, the security policies for building blocks and other member instances, a list of trusted certification authorities and a list of trusted time-stamping authorities. The member registry and security policies MUST be exposed to the Information Mediator.

2. Certificate authorities are responsible for issuing and revoking certificates used for securing and ensuring the integrity of federated information systems. Certificate authorities MUST support the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) so that an Information Mediator can check certificate validity.

3. Time-stamping authorities securely facilitate time stamping of messages. Time stamping authorities MUST support batched time stamping.

4. The Service Registry provides a mechanism for building blocks to register the services that they provide and for other building blocks to discover and consume those services. Any services provided or consumed by a Building Block that leverages the Information Mediator architecture MUST use this service registry functionality.

2.5 Keywords and Definitions

Within this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 RFC2119 RFC8174 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2.5.1 Building Block-specific definitions

The following provides definitions for terms that are used by various building blocks.

Registration: Any approval/license/certificate issued by a public entity as a result of a request/declaration made by a user of the public service. The result of a “registration” is usually a number and/or a document (called certificate, license, permit, authorization, registration, clearance, approval, etc.)

Authentication: This is the technical process of establishing that the credentials (i.e. username, password, biometric etc.) provided by a party (user, system, other) is valid and that the party can be granted basic access to system resources with default access rights. Note that authorization also needs to be applied for a party to access protected resources.

Authorization: This is the technical process of establishing whether or not an authenticated party has rights to access a given protected resource. Access rights can typically be granted or revoked administratively on a read-only and/or read-write and/or execute basis through an administrative provisioning process. Permissions or rights defined for a party typically manifest in an access token that is granted at the time of authentication for the party. Hence the processes of authentication and authorization are intrinsically related.

Workflow Terminology: See more comprehensive descriptions of the workflow terminology in the Workflow and Business Process Automation Building Block specification.

• (Workflow) Activity - a single step in a workflow process.

• (Workflow) Process - a workflow process contains one or many activities.

• (Workflow) Instance - an instance of execution for a workflow process.

While the following principles are relevant to many technology deployments, when leveraging the GovStack approach it is important to keep these principles in mind during all phases of design, development, and deployment.

4.1 Citizen-Centric

Design of systems should be rooted in the needs of the citizens/users of these platforms. A Citizen-centric technology will include the following attributes:

• User-centered design

• Right to be forgotten: everything must be deletable

The best tools evolve from empathizing, understanding and designing for the needs of end-users. Accordingly, we’ve identified a series of use cases and user journeys here: GovStack Use Cases

Each use case is composed of a collection of modules, or building blocks. As you can see, a relatively small set of these building blocks can be readily applied to a wide variety of applications in low-resource settings.

4.2 Open

Where possible, GovStack advocates for the use of open technology, which can reduce cost and help avoid vendor lock-in. Open technology can be defined as:

• Based on open standards

• Based on Digital Development Principles, see https://digitalprinciples.org/ and https://digitalinvestmentprinciples.org/

• Built on open-source software where possible

• Supports open development, see https://standard.publiccode.net/

• Cloud native where possible (Docker/Docker Compose/OCI containers)

4.3 Sustainable

Any Building Blocks should be developed in a manner which is sustainable and ensures that the technology will continue to be updated and maintained. Some core considerations for sustainability are:

• Stewardship is critical, see https://publiccode.net/codebase-stewardship/

• Continuous funding for maintenance, development and evolution

• Attractive to ICT industry and individual developers in deployment environment (incentives must be aligned)

• Lower cost than commercial solutions due to shared development costs

• Uses microservices-based architecture instead of monolithic.

  • This increases interoperability, development and deployment speed and reliability.

  • From Wikipedia: a variant of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) structural style – arranges an application as a collection of loosely coupled services. In a microservices architecture, services are fine-grained and the protocols are lightweight.

4.4 Secure

With any technology deployment, security is paramount. Detailed security requirements are defined in the GovStack Security Requirements. Beyond those standards, Building Blocks should have the following attributes:

• Building Blocks are audited and certified before being made available

• Development processes and standards enforce quality and security

• Different certification levels reflect level of standards-compliance

• Regular security scanning and auditing

• Public ratings and reviews

• Comprehensive logging and exception handling

4.5 Accessible

It is vitally important that technology solutions be usable by all. Some characteristics of accessible design include:

• Meets users where they are: web, mobile, SMS and/or voice. UI supports accessibility technologies, e.g. screen readers.

• SSO allows for signing in once for multiple services

• Shared ownership of code

• Deployment and development processes and standards are open to contributors

• Community-driven development tools for documentation and support

• Blueprints, templates and documentation

4.6 Flexible

GovStack is rooted in the concept that Building Blocks should be re-usable and configurable, such that they can support multiple use cases with minimal effort:

• Building Blocks can be reused in multiple contexts

• Each Building Block is autonomous

• Building Blocks are interoperable, adhering to shared standards

• Building Blocks should be easy to set up

• Standardized configuration and communications protocols should be used to connecting Building Blocks

• Building Blocks can be provided as a service (ICT opportunity)

4.7 Robust

Deployments of Building Blocks should follow these principles:

• Any client-facing functionality should operate in low-resource environments:

  • Occasional power

  • Low bandwidth

  • Low-reliability connectivity

• Easily scalable for high availability and reliability

• API-only based decoupling

• Asynchronous communications pattern decoupled through rooms is ideal

• Eventual consistency for data

7.1 Unicode

Used for encoding text https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode

7.2 ISO8601/UTC

Used for dates and timestamps https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Coordinated_Universal_Time_(UTC)

7.3 JSON

Used for exchanging data

7.4 JSON Schema

Used for specifying data models. Note that OpenAPI 3.1 has full support for JSON Schema http://json-schema.org/

7.5 REST

Used for implementing APIs

7.6 OpenAPI 3.1 (AKA Swagger)

Used for specifying and documenting APIs. https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.1.0.md Note that OpenAPI 3.1 supports inline JSONSchema for model definitions

7.7 Docker/Docker Compose/OCI Containers

Used for packaging building block components for deployment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software) https://www.docker.com/resources/what-container

7.8 QR code

Must be generated with the ISO/IEC 18004:2015 standard

It is vital that GovStack be able to connect to existing applications. Likewise, existing applications should be able to connect to and utilize GovStack resources as they see fit. This must be done without compromising the easy and secure interoperability provided by the GovStack system.

This section describes a phased approach that existing platforms may use to integrate into a GovStack implementation. These phases are as follows:

• Adaptors

• API Gateways

• Native GovStack implementation

This can be accomplished with Adapters that connect existing applications for use by GovStack and API Gateways that provide secure access to GovStack services for citizens and other applications, including existing applications.

6.1 Adapters

Adapters connect GovStack building blocks to existing applications. There are many possible flavors of adapter, e.g. HL7 2.5, HL7 3.0, FHIR, SAP SOAP, SQL and many others. Each flavor can be quickly configured to give GovStack access to existing resources.

An adapter is used to translate an existing API that is provided by the application into a format that is consistent with the API definitions that are defined in the Building Block specifications. Adapters are responsible for data and protocol translation, authentication, and filtering and aggregation logic. They publish an OpenAPI specification so they can be used by any building block.

Here we can see two adapters, one for patient records and another for a tax registry:

In this example, a registry adapter configured to map HL7 2.5 data connects an existing application’s patient record registry to a GovStack implementation. Another registry adapter providing SAP SOAP mapping connects an existing applications tax registry to GovStack. Both adapters provide services that are available for use by other building blocks.

If an existing application sends events, they should be exposed as web hooks in the adapter’s OpenAPI specification like other APIs. This allows any GovStack building block to be notified when the event occurs.

6.2 API Gateways

API gateways connect citizens and existing applications to GovStack Building Blocks. The API gateways map outbound API calls from the application into API calls that will be used and understood by the GovStack Building Blocks. Here, a public API gateway provides GovStack resources to citizens, while a private API gateway provides GovStack resources to existing applications:

In this example, a hospital information management system can use the Citizen ID/Authorization Building Block to authenticate a patient’s foundational ID. Likewise, citizens access government services via external mobile or web applications calling through a shared public API gateway.

Any number of API gateways can be added to expose various GovStack services to users or external applications, each of which have different security requirements on the information mediator and public internet/API Gateway sides.

6.3 Native GovStack Implementation

The highest level of integration involves existing products implementing APIs that can be directly consumed by other GovStack Building Blocks. The following diagram shows a complete GovStack deployment with API gateways for citizen access via web or mobile and for existing applications to be able to call GovStack APIs on demand. The workflow building block is used as an adapter, exposing existing applications as GovStack resources via OpenAPI:

Here, citizens and existing applications are provided API access for requests into GovStack via a common API Gateway, while the workflow Building Block adapter provides outgoing API access to existing applications from GovStack Building Blocks.

Building blocks are responsible for meeting all cross-cutting requirements or specifying why specific requirements do not apply. Govstack compliance and certification processes will validate these requirements.

5.1 Follow TM Forum Specification REST API Design Guidelines Part 1 (REQUIRED)

See: TM Forum REST API Design Guidelines

Some key principles from these design guidelines are as follows:

• APIs MUST not include Personally Identifiable Information (PII) or session keys in URLs - use POST or other methods for this

• MUST support caching/retries

• Resource identification in requests Individual resources are identified in requests, for example using URIs in RESTful Web services. The resources themselves are conceptually separate from the representations that are returned to the client. For example, the server could send data from its database as HTML, XML or as JSON—none of which are the server's internal representation.

• Resource manipulation through representations. When a client holds a representation of a resource, including any metadata attached, it has enough information to modify or delete the resource's state.

• Self-descriptive messages Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the message. For example, which parser to invoke can be specified by a media type.

5.2 Follow TM Forum Specification REST API Design Guidelines Parts 2-7 (RECOMMENDED)

See: TM Forum REST API Design Guidelines

5.3 Communicate with other BBs only via API (REQUIRED)

Paraphrased from the Amazon API Mandate: https://api-university.com/blog/the-api-mandate/

1. All BBs must expose their data and functionality through service interfaces (APIs).

2. Building Blocks communicate with each other through these interfaces.

3. There will be no other form of interprocess communication allowed: no direct linking, no direct reads of another team’s data store, no shared-memory model, no back-doors whatsoever. The only communication allowed is via service interface calls over the network.

4. It doesn’t matter what technology is used. HTTP, Corba, Pubsub, custom protocols — doesn’t matter.

5. All service interfaces, without exception, must be designed from the ground up to be externalizable. That is to say, the team must plan and design to be able to expose the interface to developers in the outside world. No exceptions.

Building blocks MUST NOT use shared databases, file systems or memory for data exchange with other building blocks.

5.4 APIs must be Versioned (REQUIRED)

Use semantic versioning when documenting changes to API definitions. Any breaking changes to APIs MUST use a different endpoint, as shown here: e.g. /api/v1 and /api/v2

See https://semver.org/

5.5 Documentation must be Provided (REQUIRED)

Documentation on the installation and use of the Building Block MUST be provided. Where possible, this documentation SHOULD be stored alongside code in a repository. Documentation MAY be generated from code where applicable.

5.6 Provide an OpenAPI specification (REQUIRED)

Each building block’s service APIs MUST be defined and exposed using a standardized machine-readable language. External APIs are described using the OpenAPI 3.x specification. See the following resources for additional information:

• Definition of the OpenAPI standard

• Swagger OpenAPI 3.0 Specification

5.7 Building blocks must be deployable as a container (REQUIRED)

• Each building block MUST be ready to be deployed as independent container images. Source code and build instructions SHOULD be committed to a public code repository where possible.

• A building block may be composed with Kubernetes or docker compose. All build files must be included alongside the source code.

5.8 Include all deployment scripts (RECOMMENDED)

When a building block requires deployment tools such as Kubernetes or Ansible, configuration and deployment scripts should be included in the building block repository. Use of this type of deployment configuration will make individual components of the building block independently scalable and make building blocks less monolithic and more efficient.

5.9 Comply with GDPR Principles (REQUIRED)

Building Blocks MUST conform to GDPR principles, including the right to be forgotten account deletion, and privacy requirements to protect the rights of individuals. Note that these requirements may vary by region, and building blocks must conform to regulatory requirements wherever they are deployed.

5.10 Include Support for Capturing Logging information (REQUIRED)

Building Blocks MUST have a mechanism for generating logging information. This may be as simple as using STDOUT and capturing through docker logs, or may use other log sinking technologies.

5.11 Use Web Hooks for Callbacks (REQUIRED)

When Building Blocks require callback functionality, they must use webhooks and not direct links to functions within the building block.

5.12 Enforce Transport Security (REQUIRED)

All Building Blocks MUST support secure HTTPS transport with TLS 1.3 and insecure cyphers disabled.

5.13 GET and PUT APIs must be Idempotent (REQUIRED)

GET and PUT APIs (as well as HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE) must be idempotent, returning the same value if called multiple times. POST and DELETE APIs will not be idempotent as they change the underlying data. Reference https://restfulapi.net/idempotent-rest-apis/ for more information.

5.14 Use Stateless APIs wherever Possible to Enhance Scalability (RECOMMENDED)

API calls SHOULD be able to be made independently of one another. Each API call should contains all of the data necessary to complete itself successfully.

5.15 Include Transaction/Trace/Correlation IDs (RECOMMENDED)

Transactions that cross multiple services SHOULD provide a correlation ID that is passed with every request and response. This allows for easier tracing and tracking of a specific transaction.

5.16 Include Clearly-Defined Key Rotation Policies (RECOMMENDED)

Some blocks may require the use of security keys. Those that do must have clearly defined key rotation policies to enhance security

5.17 Databases should not Include Business Logic (RECOMMENDED)

Database processing tools like triggers and stored procedures should be avoided.

5.18 Use only Unicode for Text (REQUIRED)

5.19 Use ISO8601/UTC for Timestamps (REQUIRED)

5.20 Building Blocks must be Autonomous (REQUIRED)

Each building block MUST be capable of running independently, without requiring other dependencies such as external data stores or other building blocks.

5.21 Use Secure Configuration (REQUIRED)

Configuration MUST be done using secure processes, such as environment variables or a secure secret store.

5.22 Design for Asynchronous First (RECOMMENDED)

Designs should support occasional connectivity/low bandwidth, and should allow for asynchronous communication between building blocks. A Publish/Subscribe design pattern can be used to handle changes, allowing loosely-coupled solutions to be assembled without changing existing APIs.

5.23 Use Standardized Data Formats for Interchange (REQUIRED)

JSON SHOULD be used for data models/services wherever possible. See https://www.json.org/json-en.html. Where JSON exhange is not possible, building blocks must use other standard data formats (such as XML).

5.24 Use Existing Standards for Data Interchange, Where Available (RECOMMENDED)

If an existing standard is available, it should be used, e.g. DICOM/Hl7/FHIR for healthcare. TMForum has a large library of standardized APIs and data models that can be used.

Building blocks and building block solutions MUST leverage existing standards, especially those listed in the Standards section below.

5.25 Use I/O Sanitization (RECOMMENDED)

Building blocks SHOULD validate all incoming data to ensure that it conforms with the expected format and type. APIs should also sanitize incoming data, removing any unsafe characters or tokens.

5.26 Provide a Compliance Test Mock/Example Implementation (OPTIONAL)

A building block MAY provide a mock testing implementation of API functionality to show example endpoints and data payloads. See https://github.com/GovStackWorkingGroup/bb-template/tree/main/examples for additional information.

5.27 Building blocks should be Localizable (RECOMMENDED)

Where a building block has a human user interaction, it SHOULD be able to present information to the user in their local language. Building blocks should be designed to support multiple locales.

5.28 Use NTP Synchronization (RECOMMENDED)

Where precise timestamps are required, building blocks SHOULD leverage Network Time Protocol (NTP) to synchronize timestamps between servers.

Other Considerations

Software development best practices are recommended for all building blocks. The following guidelines should be followed as part of the software development process.

EOL SHOULD be at Least 5 Years

No languages, frameworks, or dependencies should be used in a building block where that component has an EOL of less than 5 years.

Preference for TIOBE Top 25 Languages

See https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/

Where possible, building blocks SHOULD be written using commonly used languages to ensure ongoing maintenance and support are as easy as possible. Building blocks MAY leverage less common languages, such as shell scripting where needed.

Regular Security and Code Quality Audits SHOULD be Run

These should be run across the code base and dependencies, e.g. https://www.sonarqube.org/ and/or https://snyk.io/ .

SHOULD Include Unit and Integration Test Coverage

Building blocks should include tests that provide both unit and integration test coverage

SHOULD Follow Best Practices for Public Code

See https://standard.publiccode.net/ and practices outlined here:

• Code in the Open

• Bundle Policy and Source Code

• Create Reusable and Portable Code

• Welcome Contributions

• Maintain Version Control

• Require Review of Contributions

• Document Your Objectives

• Document your code

• Use plain English

• Use open standards

• Use continuous integration

• Publish with an open license

• Use a coherent style

• Pay attention to codebase maturity

This document is intended to be used as a reference for the security requirements for GovStack by vendors proposing solutions for all building blocks as well as vendors proposing solutions for this security building block.

Security requirements address all cross-cutting security issues and concerns for the whole GovStack digital platform including every layer, every building block and all applications. Although other building blocks address “some” security aspects such as “Identity building block” (addressing the foundational identity aspects and document workflows etc.) the resultant solutions delivered by all building-blocks (including the “Identity building block”) MUST comply with the standards and requirements set by this security requirements document. This document covers security requirements of two types:

• Build-time Security: These are considerations for embedding security during development of building blocks and applications.

• Deployment time Security: These are considerations for enforcing security measures in deployed systems during run-time.

These may consist of cross cutting functionalities that can be utilized for various building blocks and specific requirements for the Security Building Block itself, to provide secure internet access for user interaction with applications and building blocks in Govstack.

The security requirements are based on the NIST CyberSecurity Framework and defined herein through review of GovStack use cases and best practices for securing and hardening government infrastructure. It MUST also be noted that the security building block defines the core requirements to implement policy based API security and management across the internal building blocks as well as external applications and 3rd party services consumption. This is based on the architectural assumption that all inter-building block communication/integration with external applications and users MUST be through REST APIs.

2.1 Security Building Block Modules

Though these security requirements are cross-cutting, this document also provides guidance on specific modules that should be provided by a 'security building block' in most technology deployments. These modules include support for:

• API Gateway functionality which will manage incoming requests

• Identity and Access Management and/or Role-Based Access Control.

These modules are described in Section 6 of this document.

• Include more information about the lifecycle of building blocks and connecting to existing solutions, e.g. start with adapters, compliance (including testing), certification and beyond based on sandbox/prototyping work

• Explore connecting to existing services

• Expand standards based on those used in wave 1 and wave 2 working group specifications

Developed by David Forden, Jean-Reynald Vivien-Gayout de Falco, and Max Carlson

Our Pledge

We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, caste, color, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.

We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming, diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.

Our Standards

Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our community include:

• Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people

• Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences

• Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback

• Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes, and learning from the experience

• Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall community

Examples of unacceptable behavior include:

• The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of any kind

• Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks

• Public or private harassment

• Publishing others’ private information, such as a physical or email address, without their explicit permission

• Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting

Enforcement Responsibilities

Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.

Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation decisions when appropriate.

Scope

This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces and also applies when an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces. Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event.

Enforcement

All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the reporter of any incident.

Enforcement Guidelines

Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:

1. Correction

Community Impact: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.

Consequence: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.

2. Warning

Community Impact: A violation through a single incident or series of actions.

Consequence: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent ban.

3. Temporary Ban

Community Impact: A serious violation of community standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior.

Consequence: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period. Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.

4. Permanent Ban

Community Impact: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.

Consequence: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the community.

Attribution

Any Building Block must follow the security requirements that are outlined in the Cross-Cutting Requirements section of this document. In addition, specific functionality should be provided by a Security Building Block. An API Gateway should be provided to manage communication between building blocks as well as any incoming requests from external systems. Second, some type of Identity and Access Management or Role-Based Access Control should be implemented as well. The functional requirements for both of these components are described below.

Note: The API Gateway functionality is connected to the GovStack Adaptor concept which is described in

6.1 API Management and Gateway Functional Requirements

Although API Management and Gateway services are an architectural element, this section of the document also describes the detailed functional requirements for implementing API management, governance and gateway services for GovStack. Explicitly, the communications between all building blocks (BB’s) and applications shall be via open API based access.

The goal of this endeavor is to address primary security concerns centrally and create a consistent way of implementing a modern cloud-ready architecture to publish API’s to 3rd parties (both internal and external), govern and manage the access to API’s both internally and externally by policy and create centralized and secure point of access to each and every API endpoint exposed through GovStack. These functional requirements do not define specific APIs (API’s themselves are implemented by ) - these functional requirements only define the functionality that must be implemented within the bounds of the security building block and how it needs to be applied to other building blocks.

6.1.1 Multiple API Gateway (REQUIRED)

The ability to implement segregated gateways for both internal and external API traffic. This means that the internal API driven integration traffic and the external API access traffic is to be segregated into separate gateway infrastructure components and access controlled by networks and network access policy.

6.1.2 Standards Based Identity and Access (REQUIRED)

The ability to implement standardized authentication, authorization and encryption protocols including federated identity (OAuth2, OpenID Connect, SAML2, SSO, SSL, TLS etc.). These standards MUST be supported and incorporated into any chosen API Management product out-of-the-box for controlling access to API interfaces.

Note that the native API interfaces for each building block's components may be implemented in clear text with no authentication and/or encryption etc. so long as the access to these interfaces is firewalled by network and network policy such that it is ONLY accessible through the API Gateway. This is intended to simplify, standardize and expedite API development, deployment and management.

Note that the APi interface specifications for the APi gateway and API management services are based on open standards based identity and access which is in turn based on OpenAPI 3.0. The following link describes how OAuth2 is used in OpenAPI 3.0 standards based identity and access: . It is this style of standards based identity and access that is required to be supported, Note that additional API interfaces may be exposed by the API Management and Gateway solution but they would predominantly be targeted for incorporation into the DevOps CI/CD tool chain not exposed to other BBs.

6.1.3 Identity Store Plugins (REQUIRED)

The ability to utilize separate identity stores as repositories for identity and perform proxied authentication to such repositories (for example LDAP) using multiple credentials including digital identity certificates.

6.1.4 API Protection Features (REQUIRED)

The ability to support many security and protection features such as Standard API keys, App-ID key pair, IP address filtering, Referrer domain filtering, Message encryption, Rule-based routing, Payload security, Channel security, Defense against common XML and JSON attacks, Low- to no-code security configuration, PCI compliance.

Note that this is not an exhaustive list and additional policy protection features may strengthen the value of any given solution.

6.1.5 Centralized API Policy Based Access (REQUIRED)

The ability to implement policy based access management for API endpoints. The policy MUST be able to be implemented centrally then applied across multiple gateways and all API endpoints.

6.1.6 API Endpoint Transformation (REQUIRED)

Note that this is not an exhaustive list of the required transformations and that additional transformations may reinforce the strength of a solution’s flexibility and adaptability.

6.1.7 Alternative API Protocols (REQUIRED)

The ability to support multiple common protocols such as JMS, WS, MQTT.

Note that this is not an exhaustive list and that additional alternative protocols supported may strengthen the value of the proposed solution.

6.1.8 API Versioning and Lifecycle (REQUIRED)

The ability to support multiple API versions and control multiple API versions and API lifecycle management.

Note that there are many potential features available to strengthen the solution proposition such as version dependency management and deployment rollback etc.

6.1.9 API Call Traffic Shaping (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to implement traffic transformation and traffic shaping. This is typically implemented as single/dual rate, private (per node) and shared (by multiple nodes) shapers.

Note that additional traffic shaping capabilities may strengthen the solution proposition.

6.1.10 API Call Rate Limiting (REQUIRED)

The ability to implement rate limiting for API calls on an API-by-API basis. This limits the rate at which API’s can be called by a consumer (for example 100/second etc.) and usually has many flexible options and caters for policy driven rate limits based on busy times etc. Principally it comes down to the offered SLA.

Support for complex SLA construction may strengthen the solution proposition.

6.1.11 API Call Quotas (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to implement quotas for API calls from specific clients (daily, weekly, monthly etc.). This restricts the number of API calls a client can make and also often includes flexible options so that a complex SLA can be constructed.

Support for complex SLA construction may strengthen the solution proposition.

6.1.12 API Call Logging, Monitoring and Alerts (REQUIRED)

The ability to implement logging and monitoring of API calls with reporting and administrative alerts. Typically extensive functionality with multiple logging levels is implemented.

Support for flexible levels of logging (for example debug, trace etc.) may strengthen the solution proposition.

6.1.13 API Call Analytics (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to implement advanced analytics with out-of-the-box charts and reporting on demand along with the ability to trigger alerts based on analytics.

The strength, flexibility, feature set and appeal of the analytics and charting capabilities may strengthen the solution proposition. Note that this can optionally be implemented as a separate tooling layer perhaps using tools such as Prometheus and Grafana etc.

6.1.14 API Virtualization (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to implement virtualized API endpoints. API virtualization is the process of using a tool that creates a virtual copy of your API, which mirrors all of the specifications of your production API, and using this virtual copy in place of your production API for testing.

Note that this is NOT API mocking but provides an actual endpoint for solution testing to proceed unhindered.

6.1.15 API Developer Portal (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to publish API specifications through a developer portal using open standards. Includes features such as portal availability across deployment types (on-premise, cloud, etc.), interactive API documentation, developer metrics, developer portal templates, portal customization (HTML, CSS etc.), ability to withdraw developer keys, either temporarily or permanently.

Note that advanced developer portal features may strengthen the value of the solution proposition.

6.1.16 Flexibility in API Deployment Architectures (REQUIRED)

The ability to support a diverse array of deployment architectures including standalone, on-premise cloud and public cloud models including the ability to support a fully integrated microservices architecture based on containers. The architecture should also allow for the separation of key components and interfaces for meeting complex network security needs.

Note that the more flexible the deployment architectures are, the stronger the solution proposition.

6.1.17 Advanced DevOps Artifact Deployment (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to support advanced DevOps deployment techniques such as “canary deployment”, “blue-green deployment” and “AB testing”.

Additional advanced deployment scenarios and innovations will strengthen the value proposition of the proposed solution.

6.1.18 File Storage Integration (RECOMMENDED)

The ability to implement file storage platform integration such as S3 etc. - not exhaustive.

Note that flexibility in the support for storage integration across additional file storage standards will strengthen the value of the solution proposition.

6.1.19 API Monetization (OPTIONAL)

The ability to monetize API calls by specific 3rd parties or partners for the purposes of simply raising capital or creating partnership incentives through 3rd party portals. Features such as billing support, support for multiple models of revenue generation, low- to no-code monetization configuration, third-party payment system integration, prepay and/or postpay invoicing, multi-currency support and tax compliance are negotiable.

Note that the more advanced the monetization features are, the higher the solution value proposition is.

6.1.20 High Availability (REQUIRED)

The solution provided and any associated components MUST be highly available and utilize clustering technology in order to provide a minimum of 24x7x365 service with 99.99% availability (AKA 4 9’s).

6.1.21 Open Source Based (RECOMMENDED)

The offered solution MUST be based fully on open source components. The vendor may offer subscriptions for support so long as the offered solution does not require those subscriptions in order to deliver the core functionality specified in this document.

6.2. Identity and Access Management (IAM) Suite Functional Requirements

6.2.1 Identity Lifecycle Management

The following diagram defines the basic lifecycle required for managing identities:

What is required is a flexible and comprehensive user lifecycle management solution which provides the following generalized features and functions:

6.2.1 User Administration Tools (REQUIRED)

These are required so that administrative users and/or help desk users can centrally manage all user profiles and records. These features include:

• Unlock accounts and reset passwords when needed

• Changing the user status

• Session management – visibility to see active users and to kill their session if needed

• Workflow - monitor all workflows and terminate them if necessary

• Review audit logs for authentication, access and changes to identity records.

• Manage user profile attributes including credentials etc.

• Manage user access rights for resources such as documents and APIs.

6.2.2 Multi-Source Identity Integration (REQUIRED)

Integration with multiple source identity systems (such as the Identity BB, databases and LDAP) to automatically initiate provisioning/deprovisioning activities related to enrollment, policy changes and un-enrollment processes.

6.2.3 Multi-Source Identity Synchronization (REQUIRED)

Multi-source synchronization of user identity data. This allows the system to integrate and synchronize with an authoritative source such as the national ID, social security system or perhaps more likely the Identity BB via an API/plugin approach. This is required for both initial load of identities and for ongoing provisioning, re-provisioning and deprovisioning etc..

The synchronization must determine which systems a user should be provisioned to/de-provisioned from, which permissions should be set or revoked for the applications that a person is entitled to and whether or not provisioning should be automatic or if an additional workflow should be triggered for human or other automated processing.

6.2.4 Identity Reconciliation (REQUIRED)

Automatic user identity record reconciliation. This is where synchronization is used to detect changes in the source system identity data and reconciliation is used to detect, compare and resolve the changes.

For example a user record has been added to a target system manually instead of using IAM.In this case reconciliation can be configured to either:

1. Add the user to the IAM system

2. Remove the user from the target system or;

3. Do nothing but flag the anomaly to an administrator

6.2.5 Self Service Portal and Workflow (REQUIRED)

A customizable, workflow driven, self-service user interface portal to enable administrators to create and manage policies, users and the various artefacts. Must support approval workflows to multiple stakeholders.

6.2.6 Advanced Password Management (REQUIRED)

The advanced password management capabilities must include the following:

• Self-service Password Reset (SSPR)

• Administrative change password

• Password synchronization with directory and other resources.

• Must work across both cloud and on-premise applications lowered costs and improved security for hybrid cloud deployments

• Ability to enforce strong password policies

• Self-service password which allows users to reset their own password without going to the help desk. Reset is via a combination of challenge/response questions, one-time link via registered email, one-time token via SMS or mobile device messaging and one-time PIN.

• Password aging with password change reminders sent via email and potentially mobile messaging.

• Password change synchronization across all target systems.

6.2.7 User Access Request Management (REQUIRED)

Whilst provisioning processes can be triggered through the automated user lifecycle management functionality, the IAM solution must also provide a self-service feature through the portal via which end-users can request access. This access-request functionality is provided through a shopping cart and service catalog design where the user has access to select the services to which they would like to request access. Applications and application-specific entitlements such as membership to an LDAP group or a role on a public cloud provider such as AWS must be supported as a part of the access grant process.

The access request feature must also include the optional selection of a “Profile Role” capability – which is a role defined for a job/position that can grant access to a number of applications that are needed for a particular job role (otherwise known as delegation).

The access request/approval workflows provided must support:

• Multiple approvers – Must be able to define as many approval steps needed and select common targets such as a supervisor, object owner or admin, and group of approvers.

• Service Level Agreements (SLA) - Must ensure that tasks are completed in a timely manner so if they are not, then they can be escalated to the appropriate person after expiry time.

The access request approval functionality must also support basic “delegated approval” and “out of office” functionality so that there are no barriers to self service access requests when the usual approvers are not available.

6.2.8 REST API (REQUIRED)

6.2.9 Orphan Management (REQUIRED)

Organizations which are not actively using an IAM platform often have orphaned user records in their business applications. These are those records which are the result of users being given access and not having that access revoked when a person is unenrolled from a service.

Orphan management functionality consolidates all the orphaned records and provides administrators with tools to either clean up these records or link them to the correct user.

6.2.10 Access Certification (REQUIRED)

Regulatory requirements, such as GDPR, HIPPA and SOX combined with an increased focus on security are causing both public and private organizations to implement access certification policies. Scheduled access certification campaigns aid in complying with these regulatory mandates as well as improve security by guarding against the access violations which lead to security breaches.

However, when performed manually, these activities can be error prone and very time consuming for most mid to large organizations. The lack of consistency resulting from manual processes results in failed compliance audits and threats resulting from unauthorized access can slip undetected. The IAM solution must provide the ability to automate the access certification process which addresses the challenges found when performing these processes manually.

The following types of certifications must be supported by the IAM solution:

• User Access Certification

• Application Access Certification

• Group Access Certification

These campaigns can be scheduled and run at regular intervals or they can be run on demand. The Access Certification functionality in the IAM solution must provide organizations with the following capabilities:

• Human Friendly Reviews: End-users (reviewers) using the IAM solution access certification functionality must be able to perform their activities in a familiar self-service user interface. Reviewers must be able to review all the historical access in a central location as well as use tools to compare access (date, time, service etc.) between individuals.

• Closed Loop Revocations: During the certification process, reviewers must be able to revoke accounts and entitlements with a simple one-click mechanism. The closed-loop validation mechanism will then ensure that revoked access has been deprovisioned from the target applications.

• Support for Cloud, On-Premise and Hybrid Cloud: An increasing number of organizations today have hybrid environments where applications are deployed both on-premise and in the cloud. The IAM solution must provide a central identity governance platform such that the same consistent certification programs can be undertaken irrespective of the applications and infrastructure location.

• Enrollment (Joiner)

• Role Change (Mover, Additional Services)

• Unenrollment (Leaver)

• Status change

• Access request (Additional Services)

• Group creation (with group policy)

• Self-registration (with a customized external workflow to integrate with the Identity BB)

• Access Certification

The following predefined workflow templates are required to be provided:

• Multiple approvers

• Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to ensure timely completion (with automatic delegation and temporary changes in the new approvers access rights to enable time-sensitive approval)

Each of these workflows must support:

The IAM solution identity governance feature set must provide the creation of workflows to support complex processing, integration and approval steps. While custom workflows must be defined, the IAM solution must also provide default out-of-the-box workflow templates for common operations to simplify the configuration effort.

6.2.11 Workflow Creation (REQUIRED)

The IAM solution identity governance feature set must provide the creation of workflows to support complex processing, integration and approval steps. While custom workflows must be defined, the IAM solution must also provide default out-of-the-box workflow templates for common operations to simplify the configuration effort.

Each of these workflows must support:

• Multiple approvers

• Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to ensure timely completion (with automatic delegation and temporary changes in the new approvers access rights to enable time-sensitive approval)

The following predefined workflow templates are required to be provided:

• Enrollment (Joiner)

• Role Change (Mover, Additional Services)

• Unenrollment (Leaver)

• Status change

• Access request (Additional Services)

• Group creation (with group policy)

• Self-registration (with a customized external workflow to integrate with the Identity BB)

• Access Certification

6.2.12 Custom Workflows (RECOMMENDED)

Whilst the IAM solution must provide the above workflow templates, it also must include a BPMN compliant workflow engine that can be used to create new custom workflows. A graphical process designer such as the BPMN designer plugin such as one of the many available for the Eclipse IDE or similar must be included to simplify the effort required to create new custom workflows.

6.2.13 Audit and Compliance (REQUIRED)

Facilitating compliance with regulatory requirements or internal security policies is one of the principal drivers for Identity Governance. The IAM solution must provide tools to help organizations meet compliance mandates.

Organizations deploying the IAM solution as a part of GovStack are required to automate a variety of operations that sometimes utilize workflow-based approval steps.

Detailed audit logs must be associated with each of these operations so that organizations can answer the following fundamental questions:

• What access rights does a user currently have?

• When were they granted these rights?

• How or why were they granted these rights and by whom were they granted?

In addition to access information, the IAM audit logs must also track details related to authentications, password changes, life cycle status changes, system configuration changes etc.. Using the information provided by these logs, combined with the out of the box reports, and self-service tools, organizations must be able to achieve the following:

• Provide the auditors with clear evidence of compliance or otherwise.

• The ability to proactively review, detect and revoke inappropriate access from any user.

• The ability to review all access rights before granting any additional access rights.

• A centralized review and certification of applications/systems access rights across both on-premise and cloud.

6.2.14 Connectors (RECOMMENDED)

The IAM solution should provide a large range of connectors for both source and target applications out-of-the-box, The reason for this is that GovStack will be deployed in more than one country and in unknown applications environments and must be able to be integrated with many different common enterprise information systems and services both on premise and in the cloud in a simple and cost effective manner… for example:

• Microsoft (Active Directory, PowerShell, Windows, Azure AD, Exchange, SQL Server, Office 365, Azure DevOps, Dynamics365)

• Oracle (eBusiness Suite (EBS), IDCS, database)

• ERP/HR Systems (Oracle, SAP, ADP, Workday)

• Public Cloud (Amazon Web Services, Azure, Google Cloud)

• Infrastructure (Database/JDBC, GIT, LDAP (OpenLDAP, eDirectory, Active Directory, ApacheDS etc.), Linux (RHEL, CentOS, Ubuntu), REST web services, SCIM 2, scripts)

• Others (Google Gsuite, Salesforce, SAP Hana, Slack (SCIM), Tableau… not an exhaustive list)

6.2.15 Access Management (REQUIRED)

Access management is an integral part of the required IAM solution. The Access Manager must provide a scalable, secure and consistent solution to implement policy based access for applications in hybrid cloud environments for both internal (employees), citizens (external) and 3rd parties (external) alike.

The Access Manager must provide the following tools to enable these objectives:

• Web SSO. Web single-sign-on must be provided with support for SAML 2, oAuth 2, OpenIDConnect, OIDC, and a proxy to allow SSO to legacy applications. This enables web based applications to be easily configured for SSO without modification.

• Adaptive Authentication. An adaptive authentication system as follows must be provided with the following features:

  • Password-based authentication

  • Certificate-based authentication

  • MFA-SMS/E-mail/Mobile app-based OTP

  • Adaptive Authentication builds on these options to provide a robust framework where users can build rich authentication workflows using a browser-based drag-and-drop interface.

  • The flows can take into account a broad range of risk factors including device, context, user choices, geolocation, profile attributes, user behavior and foundational identity systems.

  • This allows the implementation of a solution which offers a significantly higher level of security while providing an improved end-user experience in comparison to traditional options.

• Multi Factor Authentication (MFA). While the IAM solution framework must allow the use of third party MFA products, it should also provide its own MFA solution which is pre-integrated and ready to use. The following MFA options should be provided out-of-the-box:

  • SMS-based OTP

  • E-mail-based OTP

  • Mobile app (iOS or Android) OTP plus push notification support

• Social Sign-on (as opposed to single-sign-on). The Access Manager should allow social sign-on from social identity providers such as Google, Facebook and LinkedIn. Social registration significantly reduces the registration effort by allowing select attributes to be dynamically transferred from the social provider. This may or may not be used in practice but is a desired feature.

6.2.16 RBAC Based Authorization (REQUIRED)

The IAM solution must provide a flexible RBAC-based authorization model to enforce security into applications through the Access Manager. The RBAC model must support inheritance as well as direct entitlements and provide the flexibility needed to implement complex real world requirements. The authorization service must be able to be used in conjunction with oAuth2 and the Access Gateway to enforce the authorization rules.

6.2.17 Session Management (REQUIRED)

The IAM solution must provide session management for issues like session timeout to reduce the exposure created by long running sessions. This includes API’s to extend expiring tokens etc. for application and user convenience.

6.2.18 Device Registration (REQUIRED)

The IAM solution must provide device registration such that only registered devices can be used to access services by policy.

6.2.19 Fine Grained Audit Logging (REQUIRED)

The IAM solution must provide fine grained audit logging by the Access Manager so that the explicit date, time, user and service access is logged.

6.2.20 Access Gateway (REQUIRED)

An access gateway is required in order to provide protected proxy gateway access to the web through reverse and front side web infrastructures such as Apache and Nginx web servers. This must provide the following functionality:

• SSO to legacy applications

• Session management

• Protection of APIs and application URLs by enforcing authentication and authorization rules unless a 3rd party API Management and Gateway suite is used in which case the access gateway must be configurable to utilize the 3rd party API Gateway.

6.2.21 Legacy SOA Security Features (REQUIRED)

The IAM suite should be able to implement a pure legacy SOA approach. A legacy SOA API with all required operations should be available to facilitate integrations with legacy SOAP/SOA systems. The IAM solution should provide SOA federation for controlling access to services in a legacy SOA environment using SAML, SAML 2 and WS-Security. The IAM solution must be able to enforce policies throughout SOA based services. RBAC and XACML support must be provided to allow the IAM solution to implement a flexible security model that supports the following:

• Distributed services (vs monolithic applications)

• Services distributed across organizational boundaries

• Service Interoperability

• Integration of disparate legacy SOA protocols

6.2.22 Web Access Management (REQUIRED)

The Access Gateway must be able to provide coarse-grained authorization when protecting web applications in totality. Requests must be routed through a proxy, which applies authorization rules, and forwards the request to the underlying servers, providing the application.

The model must be simple to deploy and easy to maintain. User identity must be checked and propagated through HTML header injections, HTTP query strings or HTTPS authentication headers to applications hidden behind a proxy server for the purposes of openness and compatibility. The native URL of these applications must be hidden from the public view (i.e. it is only exposed as a service name in a secure manner).

6.2.23 Single Sign On (SSO) (REQUIRED)

Each partner application, as well as internal applications and building blocks, may have their own set of security credentials and various authentication methods. Such applications may move in and out of security domains.

The user experience suffers when many login credentials must be remembered. Therefore the IAM solution must provide SSO features that allow users login once and roam unchallenged through a security realm to which they have been granted access.

This reduces the burden of many passwords and eliminates the need to individually login to each application. Users must be able to login once, and roam freely across secured domains without being challenged again. Participating security domains must never be required to give up their own credentials.

The ability to hold multiple identities, each with their own roles, permissions, access-levels and entitlements across multiple domains is required and allows for a wide network of co-operating domains to communicate seamlessly.

Authenticated subjects must be able to access restricted resources requiring multiple logins and credentials without the need to login at each domain. The IAM solutions access manager solution must not be based on a proprietary cookie. It should be based on SAML 2, which is a well-accepted industry standard for SSO.

Using SAML2 allows the IAM solutions access manager to not only provide SSO capability at the web application tier, but also across other layers such as Web Services in a completely unified way. SSO must also allow the access manager to integrate easily with existing authentication technologies that are deployed in any organization.

6.2.24 Federation (REQUIRED)

When GovStack is deployed it will need to be deployed with partners, suppliers and other organizations. For them to collaborate effectively, identity information needs to be propagated. The IAM solution must be able to manage the processes for federating users when a partner site comes on board or leaves. Federation capabilities must be provided by the IAM access manager solution. New cost recovery streams may be generated for GovStack users through enablement of trusted partnerships where authentication and authorization is carried out over federated business networks.

Federation refers to interoperation between entities in different security domains, either in different organizations, or in different tiers in the same organization.

A trust relationship must exist between the involved entities to federate identity and enable authentication across realms. Each domain may rely on different technologies and mechanisms to authenticate and authorize.

Federation enables loose coupling at the IDM level separating the way each organization/application/module/building block does its own security implementation while they adopt a common mechanism to propagate identity.

6.2.25 Security Token Service (STS) (REQUIRED)

STS is a system role defined by the WS-Trust specification. A Web Service Client interacts with the STS to request a security token for use in SOAP messages. In addition, a Web Service Provider interacts with an STS to validate security tokens that arrive in a SOAP message. An STS arbitrates between different security token formats.

The token transformation capability defined in WS-Trust provides a standards-based solution to bridge incompatible federation deployments or web services applications. Web service providers should not be required to support multiple authentication mechanisms even though they have to work with different web service clients.

The SAML standard is well recognized and the IAM solution must provide a Security Token Service that can validate SAML and SAML2 tokens to bridge different web services.

6.2.26 Role and Attribute Based Access Control (RBAC/ABAC) (REQUIRED)

The IAM solutions Access Manager must manage Groups, Roles, Permissions and Resources supporting both RBAC and ABAC. Groups are generally used to model organizational structure whereas Roles are used to model a person’s function within the enterprise. In RBAC, a subject is given one or more roles depending on the subject’s job.

Access is determined by the subject’s role. In ABAC (Attribute Based Access Control), access is determined by the attributes of the subject (person or entity), attributes of the resource being accessed, environmental attributes and the desired action attribute. ABAC is implemented based on the XACML specification with:

• Coarse-grained access control - based on subject, role and permissions

• Ease of administration - roles created for job functions

• A subject that must be assigned to a role and execute actions that are authorized for the role

• Assigned permissions for job functions based on operations rather than to resource objects

• Enablement of the creation of:

  • Relationships between Users, Groups, Roles, Resources

  • Creation and enforcement of policies

Developing an access control strategy based on RBAC provides a clean and flexible model that is easy to maintain over a long period of time.

Policies may be associated with a person’s role. For example, someone in a medical advisor role may be permitted to access applications pertinent to his or her role, but not permitted to access applications related to someone in a doctor's role.

6.3 Service APIs

This section describes external APIs that must be implemented by the building block. Additional APIs may be implemented by the building block (all APIs must adhere to the standards and protocols defined), but the listed APIs define a minimal set that must be provided by any implementation.

All APIs will be defined using the OpenAPI (Swagger) standard. The API definitions will be hosted outside of this document. This section may provide a brief description of required APIs. This section will primarily contain links to the GitHub repository for OpenAPI definition (yaml) files as well as to a website hosted by GovStack that provides a live API documentation portal. The basic assumption here is that the IAM suite will be acquired and not built. The suite MUST supply an appropriate API with documented endpoints.

6.4 Workflows

A workflow provides a detailed view of how this building block will interact with other building blocks to support common use cases.

This section lists workflows that this building block must support. Other workflows may be implemented in addition to those listed.

No specific workflow definitions are required for this building block as they will be inherited by the tools/products chosen to address each security issue/concern and fundamentally deal with the other building blocks API’s in a cross-cutting manner as in the case of API Management.

Note that each building block is responsible for the defining base configurations and workflows required to be created in the IAM system that enable identity and access to be provisioned. Essentially the IAM system needs to be augmented with adapters to enable identity and access to be provisioned to target systems and resources in the way that the target applications implement their own identity and access. Alternatively where applications are built from the ground up they can leverage the IAM suite sAPI services to implement authentication and access.

These specific workflows and adapters can be defined at the detailed design stage and communicated to the Security WG for implementation in the IAM solution. It must be noted that the security WG is NOT responsible for determining the identity and access policy and the details of access for each role for example. The following need to be identified by each building block and communicated to the Security WG for implementation in the IAM suite configuration build:

• Resource Types: for example files, services, API’s, applications, modules to be protected by IAM.

• Resources: The definitions of the actual resources and their type provided by and required by each BB that are to be secured through IAM. This must include the target system or component that hosts these resources so that the correct provisioning adapter can be configured for that resource. Note that where the BB or resource has its own identity and access scheme an adapter can be written using the IAM suite API.

• Roles: the roles of users of each system that include the required resource access for that role in terms of the Resources. Each BB must account for the access they require to be provisioned to other services as a part of their process scope. In the case of provisioning a new account there is a need for a broader workflow process that is outside the scope of the Security BB which incorporates the Identity and Registration BB. For example a Doctor role may require verification and validation of certain aspects of identity prior to provisioning access to a specific service. A basic set of sequence diagrams is provided below to reinforce the understanding of what is required.

• Approval Workflows: workflow for the approval of the various identity and access requests (complete with approval roles etc).

6.4.1 Identity and Access Sequences

The following sequence diagrams depict the basic means by which authentication and access control shall be implemented across building blocks. Note that by definition an account with no access can be created by any user. via self-registration. Self-registration using basic phone/email as well as strong self registration using foundational ID are to be supported . A sequence detailing technical authentication is also included below along with sequences defining the remaining aspects of the identity lifecycle (such as provisioning and deprovisioning of access) to be supported by the IAM suite and how they will be leveraged by all building blocks. Such workflows can be articulated in full during the detailed design phase:

6.4.1.1 User authentication and authorization

This assumes the user already has an account. Authentication credentials are username or phone number and password.

The auth token could be signed with an expiration (JWT) which might allow the BB to perform the validation themselves. Additionally, if the token contains roles and/or a user ID and isn’t expired the BB could potentially rely on those.

6.4.1.2 Self-registration via phone number or email

6.4.1.3 Self-registration via foundational ID

Note that role creation (e.g. farmers, doctors) is handled by the IAM solution, via either an administration UI or an API. Building blocks can create roles via the API to provision new roles.

It’s assumed the user clicked a link to access the service in the Building block UI.

The users are authorized with a valid access token for their email or phone number.

6.4.1.4 Self-deprovisioning via foundational ID

This flow assumes the user has an account and is currently authenticated.

6.4.1.5 Deprovisioning via government official

This flow assumes the user has an account and is currently authenticated.

6.4.2 Standards

The workflows MUST adhere to all standards defined in this document as well as in the GovStack architecture document (link to appropriate section in architecture document)

No specific standard workflows are required in the context of the security building block. All workflows involving identity and access for example are the responsibility of each building block working group and to be defined during detailed design. Such workflows can and should be implemented using the workflow engine built into the IAM suite and perhaps extended from or to a meta-workflow defined in the context of another BB.

6.4.3 Interaction with Other Building Blocks

The security building block predominantly deals with the cross-cutting security concerns of each other building block and defines the basis for the implementation of solutions to address these concerns. The only interaction required is for API Management and Gateway services. These interactions are depicted and documented in Architecture Blueprint and Functional Requirements (see Ref 1).

6.4.4 Example Sequence Diagrams for API Gateway Services

The sequence diagrams below depict examples of how a building block might interact with the API Management and Gateway solution. This is only relevant for the API Management and Gateway services in the context of the security building block. A higher level sequence diagram depicting API interactions for building blocks is depicted and documented in Architecture Blueprint and Functional Requirements (see Ref 1).

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The following standards are applicable to all aspects of the security building block and cross-cutting across other building blocks. Note that these are not technical standards but the process framework standards that shall be used to guide security decisions on the project::

• All of the implementation processes and guidance MUST follow the NIST CyberSecurity Framework (see Ref 2)

• All of the security issues and concerns to be addressed are related by number to the core requirements above. The detailed definitions can be found in the document entitled Digital Platform Security for GIZ, ITU DIAL GovStack (see Ref 5)

• It is assumed that the maximum level of information security required is what is known as CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information). Processes dealing with CUI must conform with NIST SP 900-171 Rev.2 (see Ref 3)

Building blocks (BBs) are software modules that can be deployed and combined in a standardized manner. Each building block is capable of working independently, but they can be combined to do much more.

Building blocks are composable, interoperable software modules that can be used across a variety of use cases. They are standards-based, preferably open-source, and designed for scale.

Each building block exposes a set of services in the form of REST APIs that can be consumed by other building blocks or applications.

Please browse the building blocks that are specified in this release in the menu to the left.

The key security functionalities outlined here describe the required facilities that this security building block MUST provide as well as security compliance measures that must be implemented by all building blocks. Note that specific API definitions are not likely to be created by the security building block as any interfaces required are to be based on open standards and implemented as part and parcel of acquired solutions. A good example of this is the adoption of standards like OAuth2 and OpenIDConnect for authentication and authorization. The functional requirements for the implementation of an appropriate API Management and Gateway services solution can be found in a separate section of this document below.

The basic framework by which security is addressed for GovStack is largely based on the NIST CyberSecurity Framework (hitherto referred to as NIST CSF) and the NIST 800-171 Rev.2 standard (hitherto referred to as NIST 800-171) for managing controlled unclassified information (CUI) but does also incorporate other security related requirements. The GovStack security requirements are also informed by and should be compatible with the ISO/IEC-27001:2022 Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection requirements (hitherto referred to as ISO-27001).

The Specific GovStack Security Related Concerns is organized in terms of the major functions of the NIST CSF which is defined by NIST as 3 major approaches/facets for implementation:

4.1 Specific GovStack Security Related Issues

This section of the document provides a specific list of the concerns, principles, procedures and actions (collectively termed as security related issues) that have been identified for GovStack along with:

• How each issue maps to the existing building blocks and their respective working groups

• What type of organizational risk is anticipated if the issue is not addressed (i.e. high/medium/low)

• Which target phase of the project the issue must be addressed in (i.e. first/second) - third phases are usually never completed

• How feasible it is to address the issue in a limited-resource or low-resource setting (predominantly related to costs) - see the Architecture Blueprint and Non-Functional Requirements document for the definitions associated with low-resource settings.

A general description and/or discussion of the issue that needs to be addressed and the various alternatives available for addressing it (not exhaustive). The security issues are organized by the 5 NIST functions (Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover).

4.2 Security Issues by NIST Function

4.2.1 IDENTIFY

4.2.1.1 Authentication and Authorization

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity Description: Authentication and Authorization MUST be addressed across the board. It is likely to be built-in to API Management and Gateway and accessed by mobile and web applications using a token based approach. All communications from all clients (web/mobile/BB clients etc.) MUST be via API so this is a sensible point of implementation given the stateless nature of applications. Authentication and authorization MUST also be addressed at an application access level for each and every application (web/mobile/desktop etc). It would be wise to utilize the same framework and capabilities for this. Comments: Each building block MUST implement centralized authentication and authorization (minimally proxied or implemented via the common IAM solution and/or API Management and Gateway services).

4.2.1.2 Multi-Factor Token and Password Strength/Complexity Management

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Credential strength management is likely built-in to API Management and Gateway. All communications from all clients (web/mobile etc.) must be via API so this is a sensible point of implementation also. Each application MUST provide the ability to determine credential strength at the time of registration and thus permit or deny the offered credential. Comments: Each building block MUST implement Multi-Factor Token and Password Strength/Complexity Management for an indeterminate array of factors including biometric (this is to be implemented through leveraging a common IAM solution).

4.2.1.3 Access Control (RBAC, MAC, DAC)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Access control is also likely built-in to API Management and Gateway. All communications from all clients (web/mobile etc.) must be via API. The thin client nature of web and mobile dictates that all resources will exist behind API interfaces so this is the most sensible point to address it (i.e. either they have access to the API or they do not). Comments: Each building block MUST implement role based access control for all exposed API’s and resources (minimally proxied or implemented via the API Management and Gateway services)

4.2.1.4 Provisioning, Deprovisioning and Management of Identities and access rights

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Will need a process based solution for this. This selection will largely depend on the identity management and API management infrastructure chosen but will likely need to be a customized process that integrates provisioning across a number of products and services. Comments: Each building block MUST implement the ability to provision, deprovision and manage Identities and access rights (this may or may not be centralized for the whole architecture as a unified provisioning process).

4.2.1.5 Access and Authorization Audit, Logging, Tracing, Tracking

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Likely built-in to API Management and Gateway. All communications from all clients (web/mobile etc. must be via API) Comments: Each building block MUST implement access and authorization audit, logging, tracing and tracking with alerts (minimally proxied or implemented through the API Management and Gateway services).

4.2.1.6 End User Device Registration, Deregistration, Re Registration and Device Platform Security

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Significant functionality provided by MOSIP - TBD Comments: Each building block dealing with physical devices MUST implement end user device registration, deregistration, re-registration and device platform security guidance/requirements to end users.

4.2.1.7 Biometric Security Credentials, Devices, Registration, Deregistration, Validation and device platform security

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Significant functionality provided by MOSIP - TBD Comments: Each building block dealing with biometric credentials MUST implement biometric security credential management, registration, deregistrations, re-registration, validation and device platform security etc. such as above for biometric capture devices.

4.2.1.8 Non-repudiation and Certificates (X509, OpenID and SAML etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Likely built-in to API Management and Gateway but may also require certificate server etc. All communications from all clients (web/mobile etc. must be via API) Comments: Each building block MUST implement a framework for non-repudiable transactions using certificates and federation protocols (X509, OpenID and SAML 2.0 etc.)

4.2.1.9 Single-Sign-On and 3rd Party Security

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Identity/Security Description: Likely built-in to API Management and Gateway. All communications from all clients (web/mobile etc. must be via API) Comments: Each building block MUST be able to implement single-sign-on integration with 3rd party security.

4.2.2 PROTECT

4.2.2.1 Authentication and Authorization

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All Description: Applies to all connections throughout all components such as:

Web/Mobile UI<->API, Web/Mobile UI,<->Auth, BB<->API<->BB, Workflow<->API Comments: Each building block MUST implement SSL and TLS based connections for all TCP connectivity both external to the building block, and internally between components in a selective manner depending on data requirements.

4.2.2.2 Data Sovereignty/Residency Controls and Hosting, Transmission, Backup and Recovery

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: All Description: Probably needs to be addressed during country rollouts due to data sovereignty regulations but needs to be catered for in the architecture options. Comments: Each building block where dealing with citizens data MUST provide the ability to implement data sovereignty/residency controls, hosting, transmission, backup and recovery in compliance with specific national laws and guidelines in each country.

4.2.2.3 Network Security, Protocols and Firewall implementations

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Infrastructure oriented but could be addressed at least in part by software defined networking (SDN) which can be part of a modern PaaS such as OKD Comments: Each building block shall comply with the overall secure networking architecture that will be deployed in place with each country implementation. Issues such as network security, networking protocols and firewall implementations etc. shall be defined as a part of the recommended architecture showing the various zones and separations required.\

4.2.2.4 Application Services Security (multi-tenancy etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Likely best implemented as a feature of the chosen PaaS framework such as OKD Comments: The components for each building block are required to be deployed in containers according to the architecture description. The chosen container orchestration platform and PaaS solution shall provide the means to implement Application Services Security (such as multi-tenancy etc.)

4.2.2.5 VPN and Secure Network Access Controls

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Infrastructure oriented but could be addressed at least in part by software defined networking (SDN) which can be part of a modern PaaS such as OKD Comments: Each building block MUST comply with a defined set of VPN and Secure Network Access Controls. This will be based on the location of event producers and consumers on the network and hope the various segments of networking are sliced and protected. These standards are to be defined as a part of the target architecture implementation for each country.

4.2.2.6 Network Vulnerability Scanning

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Can be sourced from open source tooling such as OpenVAS, Wireshark etc. Comments: A suite of open source tools are to be adopted for the purposes of Network Vulnerability Scanning. These tools MUST be acquired by the project and centrally deployed in each country to ensure adequate network service security is in place.

4.2.2.6 Network Vulnerability Scanning

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Can be sourced from open source tooling such as OpenVAS, Wireshark etc. Comments: A suite of open source tools are to be adopted for the purposes of Network Vulnerability Scanning. These tools MUST be acquired by the project and centrally deployed in each country to ensure adequate network service security is in place.

4.2.2.7 Software Defined Networking and Network Slicing

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Infrastructure oriented but could be addressed at least in part by software defined networking (SDN) which can be part of a modern PaaS like OKD Comments: The project MUST adopt a software defined networking solution as a part of the core deployment architecture. This can and SHOULD be implemented as a part of the chosen PaaS solution.

4.2.2.8 Operating Systems, Services Security and Immutability

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Infrastructure oriented but could be addressed at least in part by OS like Centos which can be part of a modern PaaS such as OKD Comments: The project MUST deploy all services (typically microservices) on an immutable operating system infrastructure. Typically this can and SHOULD be provided as part and parcel of the chosen PaaS solution. The reason for this is such that if a security breach does happen then the operating system running the component cannot be modified by the offender.

4.2.2.9 Network, Service and Transaction Observability and Visibility

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Can be addressed as part and parcel of a modern PaaS solution such as OKD including a service mesh such as ISTIO Comments: The project MUST implement a PaaS infrastructure that supports Network, Service and Transaction Observability and Visibility for protection against flaws and faults. This is so that complex transactions involving multiple components (likely microservices) can be observed and traced for the purposes of debugging and auditing. This would typically be implemented at least in part by a service mesh feature of the PaaS along with other integrated components for visualization such as the Jaeger open source tracing facility and the Kiali open source visualizer for example.

4.2.2.10 Man-in-the-middle (MITM) Attack Prevention (AKA Session Hijack)

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low Building Block Mappings: All Description: Needs to handle insecure WIFI, email spam filtering, virus scanning and ad-blockers etc. at all levels. Comments: Needs to handle insecure WIFI, email spam filtering, virus scanning and ad-blockers etc. at all levels.

4.2.2.11 Cloud Platform Configuration Management and Securing Configurations

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All Description: Can be addressed as part and parcel of a modern PaaS solution such as OKD (which has secure encrypted stores for credentials) Comments: Each building block MUST adopt the facilities of the chosen PaaS for implementing Cloud Platform Configuration Management and Securing Configurations. For example authentication credentials for common components like databases need to be managed appropriately and simply across multiple environments through DevOps automated deployment etc.

4.2.2.12 Insider threats and internal audit-ability

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: The same security protocols, data encryption, protections and monitoring to be applied consistently both internally and externally. Comments: Each building block MUST adopt the same consistent security and privacy implementation measures to protect against Insider threats and internal audit-ability as those adopted for external exposures. This is a general statement.

4.2.2.13 Denial of service attack prevention

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: All/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Can be managed by implementing open source tools/services such as CrowdSec and DDOS Deflate, Fail2Ban, HAProxy, DDOSMon, NGINX etc. Note that HAProxy is built into PaaS solutions like OKD - TBD. Note that a number of API Gateway products are built around NGINX Comments: The project must implement an open source Denial of service attack prevention solution across all interfaces exposed to the public internet for each country deployment. This can be implemented through a reverse proxy web server environment using open source tools such as Fail2Ban, DDOS Deflate or HAProxy.

4.2.2.14 API Endpoint Security Policy Management and Gateway Services (both internal and external)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: The implementation of a centralized API Management and Gateway solution is probably not negotiable. All API interfaces both internal and external must be managed through this facility. Architecture will likely require a separate gateway for both internal and external services. Comments: The project MUST implement centralized API Endpoint Security Policy Management and Gateway Services (both internal and external). The reason for this is to implement a consistent layer of security for API interfaces that can be both managed centrally and alleviate the service developers from the implementation complexity of security. This can and SHOULD be implemented through an open source API Management and Gateway services product.

4.2.2.15 Virus/Malware and Ransomware Attack Prevention and Detection

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Requires extensive and probably commercial software in many layers. Comments: The project MUST implement protection from and detection of Virus/Malware and Ransomware Attack. This likely requires a commercial solution suite as open source offerings are insufficient and not suitable for massive country-wide deployments w=such as GovStack.

4.2.2.16 Credential Theft Prevention

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Can be addressed as part and parcel of a modern PaaS solution such as OKD (which has secure encrypted stores for credentials). Requires implementation through all development procedures and CI/CD etc. Comments: The project MUST implement credential theft prevention as part and parcel of its selected PaaS infrastructure. This is essentially an encrypted keystore that can host sensitive credentials and provide access to them with policy based security.

4.2.2.17 SQL Injection Attack Prevention

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Can be addressed through open source tools such as those provided by the OWASP Foundation. Plugins for OWASP tools are available for PaaS solutions like OKD Comments: The project MUST implement SQL Injection Attack prevention as part and parcel of any and all applications development across building blocks. This can be implemented through open source tools such as those provided by the OWASP Foundation. This can and SHOULD be implemented as plugins through the PaaS solution and fully integrated into the DevOps toolchains for the project build and deployment.

4.2.2.18 Containing, Managing and Mitigating Hardware/Firmware Vulnerabilities and Known Exploits (directory traversal, rowhammer, spectre, meltdown, LazyFP etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low-Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Typically these types of attacks are best mitigated by the use of commercial open source subscriptions as they close the window of vulnerability. New CVE’s happen every month and are becoming more common as IT advances. The upstream open source projects like OKD will eventually get the patches but it will be some time after commercial open source product patches are released to those with enterprise subscriptions. Comments: The project MUST implement solutions for Containing, Managing and Mitigating Hardware/Firmware Vulnerabilities and Known Exploits (directory traversal, rowhammer, spectre, meltdown, LazyFP etc.). This can and SHOULD be implemented through plugins to the PaaS solution and DevOps toolchain for the project to ensure that every single component deployed is scanned for known CVEs.

4.2.2.19 Data Privacy/Loss/Leakage/Confidentiality (individuals and organisations)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: For the most part this involves end-point protection. Some tools are available in open source but it requires multiple layers of implementation and is thus more expensive. Comments: The project SHOULD implement solutions for prevention against Data Privacy/Loss/Leakage/Confidentiality (individuals and organisations). This likely requires expensive commercial packages rather than open source tooling.

4.2.2.20 Data Security (at rest and in transit - i.e. encryption and obfuscation etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Needs to be considered for each data store and each connection in the architecture. It is a very broad topic that must be addressed in the context of the data confidentiality requirements for each country implementation. Will be relatively expensive for resource-limited settings but it is a necessity. Comments: The project MUST implement solutions for Data Security (at rest and in transit - i.e. encryption and obfuscation etc.) consistently across all datastores and connections within and surrounding all building blocks.

4.2.2.21 Cross-site Scripting (XSS) Attack Prevention

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: By virtue of the fact that each BB will host its own UI there is strong potential for cross-site scripting vulnerabilities. Rules must be adhered to by developers. For example, all DOM based XSS reflection or embedding must be performed on the server side not in the ECMA layer. Several other rules must also be implemented for developers to reduce the likelihood of XSS vulnerabilities. Many of these rules can be found here on the OWASP web site: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross_Site_Scripting_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html Comments: The project must provide a consistent set of rules for cross site scripting across all building blocks to ensure that it is not exposed to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) Attacks. This is a complex area that must be addressed during development and testing. Details of many of the rules that must be implemented can be found on the OWASP web site.

4.2.2.22 Replication and Perimeter/Edge Data and Services Security

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is complex and applies to large architectures with multiple data centers and perimeter services. Every single element of the networks and trusts must be examined for vulnerabilities. There is no simple one-shot solution for this as it involves multiple data centers and multiple layers communicating and replicating potentially sensitive data. The degree to which this is addressed is commensurate with the relative sensitivity of the data and services involved. Comments: The project MUST provide Replication and Perimeter/Edge Data and Services Security. This assumes that practically all national deployments will have multiple sites that must be protected from breaches and leakages as a result of technology services deployed to distribute and consolidate data.

4.2.2.23 Social Media, Social Network and Social Engineering Threats and Prevention

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is a complex subject that requires not only technical intervention but extensive training for everyone involved in the processes of eGovernment. Comments: The project MUST provide protection from Social Media, Social Network and Social Engineering Threats. This is not only a technology services issue but also applies to standard operating procedures and requires extensive user education.

4.2.2.24 Centralized PAAS Management, Monitoring and OTA Automated Update

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Can be addressed as part and parcel of a modern PaaS solution such as OKD - TBD (which has over the air update capabilities along with centralized management and monitoring). Comments: The project MUST provide Centralized PAAS Management, Monitoring and OTA (over-the-air) Automated Update for infrastructure and applications components. This is to ensure that patches to emerging and common vulnerabilities are addressed in the smallest window possible and the whole architecture is not exposed through such vulnerabilities. This can and SHOULD be addressed as part and parcel of the selected PaaS infrastructure.

4.2.2.25 Digital Service Registry Security

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security/Registration Description: Can be addressed as part and parcel of a modern PaaS solution such as OKD - TBD (which has an embedded services registry) - there may be other registries required that are also impacted. There needs to be careful delineation of functionality and terminology used for registries as there are many implications in PaaS environments such as for service exposure through software defined networks etc. Comments: The project and all building blocks utilizing registries of any kind (particularly digital service registries) MUST provide Digital Service Registry Security. This means ensuring that the protocols, interfaces and connections to such centralized services are controlled in accordance with the other requirements for connections and API etc.

4.2.2.26 Surrounding Networking Software Infrastructure Security (DNS, DHCP , PXE, BootP services etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Each core network service must be addressed in its own right. There is too much to discuss here but these services are critical, exposed, prone to vulnerabilities and must be secured with the highest possible standards applied. Comments: The project MUST address the general Surrounding Networking Software Infrastructure Security (DNS, DHCP , PXE, BootP services etc.) for each and every country rollout. These services are particularly vulnerable as some of them are exposed to insecure zones (especially DNS).

4.2.2.27 Cloud Provider Infrastructure Security (hardware layer, infrastructure layer, virtualisation, container and platform layer, application layer)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Each cloud service must be addressed in its own right. There is too much to discuss here but these services are critical, exposed, prone to vulnerabilities and must be secured with the highest possible standards applied. Comments: The project MUST provide protection against common vulnerabilities in Cloud Provider Infrastructure Security (hardware layer, infrastructure layer, virtualisation, container and platform layer, application layer etc.). This is specific to each public cloud provider where utilized but a common source of threats since they involve complex suites of services that are stitched together (most often by the implementer not the cloud provider) in multiple layers to form the solution architecture.

4.2.2.28 Mobile and Wireless Networking Security/WIPS

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: Mobile and wireless networking security is a significant issue to deal with given that there will likely be mobile applications deployed as a part of the architecture. A plethora of issues abound including for example Evil Twin Attack, WarDriving (piggyback attack), sniffing and shoulder-surfing etc.. CISA has released a short guide here for securing wireless in general: https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST05-003 Comments: The project MUST provide protection against Mobile and Wireless Networking Security/WIPS vulnerabilities. There are many potential and known vulnerabilities around these networks which have predicated information security in the digital age. The potential for eavesdropping and information leakage as well as other forms of hijacking attacks is very broad as the exposure is over-the-air.

4.2.2.29 Compressed and Encrypted Information Transmission via Messaging and Email etc. to external or internal 3rd parties along with any other potential forms of critical information leakage.

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security/Cloud Infrastructure and Hosting Description: This is principally the same as endpoint security to prevent information leakage. Comments: The project (including all building blocks MUST provide protection against private information leakage through Compressed and Encrypted Information Transmission via Messaging and Email etc. to external or internal 3rd parties along with any other potential channels for critical private information leakage.

4.2.2.30 Anti-Phishing and Anti-Spam

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Phishing and the associated spam are two of the most common digital platform security problems and must be dealt with. A number of open source solutions exist such as OrangeAssassin, MailScanner and Apache SpamAssassin. These are commonly used by many commercial sites all around the world. Comments: The project MUST provide Anti-Phishing and Anti-Spam tooling. These are some of the most common sources of security issues and can be dealt with using open source tools such as Orange Assassin, MailScanner and SpamAssassin.

4.2.2.31 Physical Security and Access Controls to Facilities

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Physical security is a must for all on-premise facilities and almost goes without saying. The extent to which physical security is implemented must comply with national government hosting standards in each country. Comments: The project MUST provide physical security measures for access to physical facilities.

4.2.2.32 Portable and Removable Media Controls

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is commonly known as endpoint security and must be dealt with comprehensively either at hardware level (by disconnection) or in software that allows policy and procedure for removable media to be controlled. Comments: The project MUST provide portable and removable media controls to protect against information leakage.

4.2.2.33 Backup Security and Backup Information Controls

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is a complex and diverse area to address as there will be several data repositories and databases in the deployed infrastructure including both CUI and regular non-CUI information. Backups are one of the areas that create large exposure for information loss and must be addressed consistently and thoroughly.

This must include encryption of backups and the physical security of backups as well as the policy, procedure and controls to ensure that leakage risk is minimized. Comments: The project must provide backup information controls and security to prevent information leakage and tampering etc. through the backup and recovery processes. This applies to all building blocks.

4.2.3 DETECT

4.2.3.1 Vulnerability Management and Security Automation

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Several open source and commercial tools are available to address this in terms of scanning for vulnerabilities in all layers of the solution including containers for example. The process and tools for this need to be addressed specifically depending on the technical components of the final solution architecture. Comments: The project MUST provide tools to detect, manage and automate the resolution of common vulnerabilities in all layers (applications components down to infrastructure components) before they eventuate as deployed in the solution. There are many open source scanning tool options available for this purpose. CISA defines the standards for this and refers to many of the available open source tools.

4.2.3.2 Applications Development, Deployment, DevSecOps and Container Image Security

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This needs to be built-in to the CI/CD process to ensure that only secured images are deployed to production. Most modern PaaS offerings such as OKD - TBD are also shipped with a rudimentary suite of tools to accomplish this. Comments: The project MUST provide a secure DevSecOps process for code deployment. This applies to areas surrounding Applications Development, Deployment, DevSecOps and Container Image Security scanning (i.e. what's inside the container) before applications components are deployed.

4.2.3.3 Compliance Checking and Scanning (PCIDSS/HIPAA, CIS etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low-Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: These are global standards for security compliance checking and several tools are available in the market to address this. Both commercial and open source options are available. Comments: The project MUST provide tooling support for Compliance Checking and Scanning (PCIDSS/HIPAA, CIS etc.). A number of open source tools and commercial off-the-shelf tools are available for this purpose. This compliance checking MUST be conducted on a regular basis for all building blocks dealing with financial, healthcare and personal data in accordance with the aforementioned PCIDSS, HIPAA and CIS standards.

4.2.3.4 Security Risk Profiling

Organizational Risk Rating: Low Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low-Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Several tools are available in this space with varied ways of addressing the concerns including threat modeling Comments: The project SHOULD provide tools for Security Risk Profiling. Several such tools are available and offer assessment of security risks through techniques such as threat modeling.

4.2.3.5 Threat/Intrusion Detection and Prevention

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Several open source tools are available to address this space admirably including for example Snort, Bro, Kismet, OSSEC and Open DLP etc. These are VERY effective, VERY mature and easily adopted. Comments: The project MUST deploy tooling for Threat/Intrusion Detection and Prevention in the infrastructure and other layers. Several such tools are available in open source (Snort, Bro, Kismet, OSSEC etc.)

4.2.3.6 Login Notifications and Alerts etc. (new device or IP etc.)

Organizational Risk Rating: Medium Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This should be managed with the basic user device profile and an alert sent via email and other channels whenever a login is made from a new endpoint, giving the user the option to lock the account. Comments: The project across all building blocks SHOULD provide Login Notifications and Alerts etc. (new device or IP etc.) where email or other notifications would be sent to recipients with warning messages when authentication is performed from a new device. This also involves keeping a registry of registered devices for each user/party/actor (albeit internal or external and the ability for them to lock their account if the authentication was achieved by an unknown party.

4.2.3.7 Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) Platforms/Tools and Processes

Organizational Risk Rating: Low Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security Description: OSINT gathering is COMPLEX. The following article describes the origins and tools of OSINT that have evolved from the original Metasploit (white hacking solution): https://www.csoonline.com/article/3445357/what-is-osint-top-open-source-intelligence-tools.html

Essentially OSINT puts the hackers' tools into the security analysts protection arsenal. Comments: The project SHOULD provide Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) Platforms/Tools and Processes in order to perform security assessments on open source usage. This essentially incorporates the hackers tools into the protection and detection arsenal (see the evolution of Metasploit and other white hacker solutions in open source).

4.2.3.8 Information gathering and Security Data Visualization

Organizational Risk Rating: Low Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is an emerging area of value that largely comprises of the following types of visualizations but there are no comprehensive open source tools available:

Perimeter Threat

Network Flow Analysis

Firewall Visualization

IDS/IP S Signature Analysis

Vulner ability Scans

Proxy Data

User Activity

Host-based Data Analysis Comments: The project SHOULD provide tooling for Information gathering and Security Data Visualization for maintaining security observability through operations. Many different visualizations are available through various commercial tools but no comprehensive open source solution is available.

4.2.3.9 Fraud Detection and Management

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Fraud detection and management is the set of activities carried out to check money or property from being acquired through false pretenses is known as fraud detection and the ability to trace and manage incidences of fraud. In many industries like banking or insurance, fraud detection is applied. SInce this project involves money exchange there is a case for fraud detection and management. Number of open source tools including the following are available: FraudLabs Pro, Fraud.Net, MISP, pipl, Sift etc.. See this article for a deeper description: https://www.goodfirms.co/blog/best-free-open-source-fraud-detection-software Comments: The project MUST provide tooling for Fraud Detection and Management. This is not negotiable and many open source tool sets currently exist such as FraudLabs, Fraud.Net and MISP. This applies to all building blocks dealing with financial transactions and information (such as payments - which appears to be bidirectional… i.e. govt-to-recipient and payee-to-govt).

4.2.4 RESPOND

4.2.4.1 Incident Response and Management - applies to attempted and successful intrusion, fraud, hacking, phishing incidents and all other forms of security incident

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: Incident Response and Management (ticketing etc.) - applies to attempted and successful intrusion, fraud, hacking, phishing incidents and all other forms of security incident Comments: The project MUST provide Incident Response and Management (ticketing etc.) - This applies to both attempted and successful intrusion, fraud, hacking, phishing incidents and all other forms of security incident. This applies across all building blocks and must be built-in to the infrastructure and processes of each building block when any incident is detected.

4.2.4.2 Security Sandbox Solution - used to test responses to potential/predicted security incidents

Organizational Risk Rating: Low Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This would involve creating a sandbox environment to test and resolve security issues thus requiring a complete sandbox of all the security tools mentioned here. Comments: The project MUST provide a Security Sandbox Solution - used to test responses to potential/predicted and actual security incidents.

4.2.5 RECOVER

4.2.5.1 Critical digital infrastructure business continuity considerations (terrorism, sabotage, information warfare, natural disasters etc.) - processes and how to recover digital infrastructure.

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low-Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is more of a planning and execution exercise and simply must be built-in to the overall deployment game plan for every single piece of software infrastructure and data infrastructure along with the processes and procedures as well as test recoveries to ensure that an adequate recovery response can be attained on demand. Comments: The project MUST deal with Critical digital infrastructure business continuity considerations (terrorism, sabotage, information warfare, natural disasters etc.) - i.e. provide the technical ability and processes required in order to recover the complete digital infrastructure. This applies to all building blocks and must also endure recovery testing on a regular basis.

4.2.5.2 Specifically Security Related Concerns surrounding BIA/DRP/BCP (disaster recovery, business continuity etc.) - how to recover to specific data versions using logging tracking and tracing information to determine the best path.

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is similar or the same as the concern above and simply elaborates it further. Comments: The project MUST deal with Specifically Security Related Concerns surrounding BIA/DRP/BCP (disaster recovery, business continuity etc.) - what this means is how to recover to specific data versions using logging, tracking and tracing information to determine the best recovery path. This also covers the security of the backups themselves to prevent fraud, tampering and information leakage during storage or recovery for example and MUST address the exact data security requirements stipulated throughout this document but in the context of backups.

4.2.5.3 Cloud Security Posture Management (automation of identification and remediation of risks with public cloud services)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Low-Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is a more advanced and aggregated way of determining the overall security posture in respect to public cloud based deployments and takes into account all of the risks. There are a number of open source solutions available such as OpenCSPM (cloud security posture management). Really only applicable with deployments on public clouds but becoming essential. Comments: The project SHOULD implement Cloud Security Posture Management (automation of identification and remediation of risks with public cloud services). Open source tools such as OpenCSPM are available.

4.2.5.4 Digital Service Registry State Recovery

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: First Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: High Building Block Mappings: Security/Registry Description: It seems the concept of registry is morphing into something more generic than it was originally (which seemed to be a service registry). The state recovery for this is contingent on the technology solution that the Registration BB takes. Losing the state of this registry due to a security issue is a key risk that MUST be mitigated. Comments: The project MUST provide the ability for specific Digital Service Registry State Recovery (point-in-time). Registries are one of the most likely early targets of cyber-criminals. This applies predominantly to the Registry building block.

4.2.5.5 Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) Registries, Repositories and Processes (i.e. marking, safeguarding, transporting, disseminating, reusing and disposing of controlled unclassified information)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: This is all about how information is controlled throughout systems based on its secrecy/privacy classification.

We have made an assumption that GovStack will only ever have to deal with what is known as CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information) as opposed to CI (Classified Information - which is the type of information managed by security agencies such as the CIA).

CUI MUST be managed in accordance with NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2 Comments: This is a bit more general but the project SHOULD provide the ability to manage and recover Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) Registries, Repositories and Processes (i.e. marking, safeguarding, transporting, disseminating, reusing and disposing of controlled unclassified information). This is to be in accordance with NIST 800-171 Rev.2 (see References and Standards). This applies to all building blocks that deal with CUI (usually information collected by govt and security agencies) which is likely to also be specific to country implementation.

4.2.5.6 Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) domain isolation (isolation for sub-networks and security domains etc. handling CUI)

Organizational Risk Rating: High Target Deployment Phase: Second Feasibility for Limited/Low Resource Settings: Medium Building Block Mappings: Security Description: See above - requires a physically separate domain for hosting such information. Comments: This is related to the above but the project SHOULD provide Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) domain isolation (isolation for sub-networks and security domains etc. handling CUI). \

See references section above...

Note that all of the requirements stipulated in this document and its references are reciprocal in that they also apply to components such as the API Management and Gateway services implemented by the security building block. For example the API Management and Gateway services deployed by this building block MUST also address their own intrusion prevention and detection needs referencing the solution requirements defined by this document.

The requirements stipulated in this document are themselves cross-cutting in that they apply to all building blocks and MUST be cross-referenced by the Building Block Definitions for each building block in the Cross-cutting requirements section.

Having these cross-cutting requirements defined centrally in this document and its references removes the issues of inconsistent, insufficient, costly and repetitive security implementation across all building blocks.

The cross-cutting requirements described in this document, its references and this section are an extension of the high level cross-cutting requirements defined in the architecture specification document and intended to specifically define the security requirements for the whole GovStack architecture in all layers.

This section describes the additional cross-cutting requirements that apply to the security building block as well as cross-cutting security requirements for ALL other building blocks. Note that cross-cutting requirements defined here use the same language (MUST or SHOULD) as specified in the architecture blueprint document (see Ref 1).

5.1 Privacy

Personal data MUST be kept private and never shared with any parties, except where specific authorization has been granted. This also applies to all acquired security components as they will often be logging personal data along with the transactional records. That logging data must also be considered private. Where CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information) is dealt with, the NIST 800-171 Rev 2 standard shall be applied (see Ref 3)

5.2 Security Requirements

Must refer reciprocally to this document and its references.

Security requirement is a condition over the phenomenon of the environment that we wish to make true by installing the system in order to mitigate risks. A requirement defining what level of security is expected from the system with respect to some type of threat or malicious attack.

5.5 Digital ID/Certificate Functional Requirements

5.6 Certificate Authority Functional Requirements

5.7 Credential Storage (i.e. LDAP) Functional Requirements

5.8 Time Sensitive Credential (i.e. OTP) Functional Requirements

5.9 Network Scanning and Vulnerability Management Requirements

5.10 Virus, Ransomware, Malware, Spam, Phishing Protection Requirements\

5.11 Denial of Service Attack Prevention Requirements

5.12 Applications Development Vulnerability Prevention Requirements

5.13 Infrastructure Vulnerability Remediation Requirements

5.14 Data Loss and Leakage Prevention Requirements

5.15 Data Encryption at Rest and In Transit Requirements

5.16 Social Network, Media and Engineering Threat Management Requirements

5.17 Cloud Security Posture Management Requirements

5.19 Vulnerability Management and Security Automation Requirements

5.20 Security Risk Profiling and Management Requirements

See the section of this document dealing with OSINT tools

5.21 Intrusion Prevention and Detection Requirements

5.22 Open Source Intelligence Platform (OSINT) Requirements

5.23 Fraud Prevention, Detection and Management Requirements

5.24 Security Incident Response and Management Requirements

5.25 Security Testing and Sandbox Requirements

5.26 Critical Digital Infrastructure Business Continuity Requirements

5.27 Data Structures

5.27.1 Resource Model

The resource model shows the relationship between data objects that are used by this Building Block. The following resource model depicts the basic elements of identity and access management (IAM) solutions required organized into domains:

5.27.2 Data Elements

The data elements provide detail for the resource model defined above. This section will list the core/required fields for each resource. Note that the data elements can be extended for a particular use case, but they must always contain at least the fields defined here. Information about data elements will include:

• Name

• Description

• Data Type

• Required/Optional flag

• Link to applicable standard(s)

• Notes

5.27.3 Example REST Authentication API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements REST based authentication using its REST API:

(Note: The APIs will need to include appropriate request and response version numbers, for example, see https://docs.google.com/document/d/12b696fHlOAAHygFF5-XxUJkFyFjMIV99VDKZTXnnAkg/edit#heading=h.h9ypjkyetr1i)

URL

/idp/rest/api/v1/auth/public/login

Method

POST

Request Parameters

• login: user login (optional)

• password: user password (optional)

• postbackURL: redirectURL after success login (optional)

Headers

Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded

cURL Example

curl 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/idp/rest/api/auth/public/login' -X POST --data 'login=admin&password=pass123456'

Success Response Example

{
  "primaryKey": null,
  "status": 200,
  "errorList": null,
  "redirectURL": "/selfservice",
  "successToken": null,
  "successMessage": null,
  "contextValues": null,
  "possibleErrors": null,
  "passwordExpired": false,
  "userId": "3000",
  "unlockURL": null,
  "tokenInfo": {
    "authToken": "+Y9NkOrjOWn0BehKr6Cg1F7KcFIiY=",
    "timeToLiveSeconds": -1
  },
  "error": false
}

Error Response Example

{
  "primaryKey": null,
  "status": 500,
  "errorList": [
    {
      "i18nError": null,
      "error": "INVALID_LOGIN",
      "validationError": null,
      "params": null,
      "message": "Invalid Login and/or Password"
    }
  ],
  "redirectURL": null,
  "successToken": null,
  "successMessage": null,
  "contextValues": null,
  "possibleErrors": null,
  "passwordExpired": false,
  "userId": null,
  "unlockURL": null,
  "tokenInfo": null,
  "error": true
}

5.27.4 Example OAuth2 Authentication API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements authentication with OAuth2 by requesting an OAuth2 token:

URL

/idp/oauth2/token

Method

POST

Request Parameters

• client_secret: Value of the client secret from OAuth client configuration page

• client_id: Value of the client ID from OAuth client configuration page

• grant_type: Type of grant flow

• username: Login of requester

• password: Password of requester

Headers

Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded

cURL Example

curl -v -XPOST --data 
'client_secret=AAAAA&client_id=BBBBB&grant_type=password&username=DDDD&password=EEEE' 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/idp/oauth2/token'
Success Response Example
{
"access_token": "ffj9Ub4lP-2_W4kXAXJ9MsleMxdDi9ALo0JqQw.3hV4driKa4IWXOSJ42PEQadFpN2FnpRruFLWD3",
"token_type": "Bearer",
"expires_in": 1320,
"refresh_token": "3nlth7DevrnjjpebATKkYCirs2aiy6L6SsBF_cpyxSXgVliwXC1rsCxRg99LCr7gHgYJ.A.VU"
}

Error Response Example

{
"error": "unauthorized_client",
"error_description": "Missing required parameter: client_id or client application is not registered"
}

5.27.5 Example OAuth2 Token Renewal API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements authentication token renewal:

URL

/idp/rest/api/auth/renewToken

Method

GET

Headers

• Authorization: with oAuth token in format 'Bearer: <token>'

• Cookie: with current valid authentication token in format 'OPENIAM_AUTH_TOKEN=<token>'

cURL Example

// Scurl -XGET -v -H 'Authorization: Bearer ssssss' -H 'Cookie: OPENIAM_AUTH_TOKEN=asdasdas' 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/idp/rest/api/auth/renewToken'

Success Response Example

{
"authToken": "asdas+asd/YagqkcJEql+asd=",
"timeToLiveSeconds": -1
}

Error Response Example

5.27.6 Example OAuth2 Authorization API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements authorization using OAuth2:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/token/authorize

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

GET

Parameters

• response_type: codetoken

• client_id: webconsole/Access Control/Authentication Providers/*needed provider* edit/ Client ID field

• redirect_uri: webconsole/Access Control/Authentication Providers/*needed provider* / Redirect Url. Use 'Space' or 'Enter' to separate values field.

cURL Example

curl

'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=EF4128DCC0D24ED3BAC17FC918FDDBF5&redirect_uri=http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/oauthhandler'

or, just:

curl

'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=EF4128DCC0D24ED3BAC17FC918FDDBF5&redirect_uri=http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/oauthhandler'

Success Response Example

redirect to redirect_uri?code=code

Error Response Example

redirect to redirect_uri with error

5.27.7 Example OAuth2 Authorization Implicit Grant Flow API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements an implicit grant flow API style of authentication:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/token/authorize

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

GET

Parameters

• response_type: token

• client_id: webconsole/Access Control/Authentification Providers/*needed provider* edit/ Client ID field

• redirect_uri: webconsole/Access Control/Authentification Providers/*needed provider* / Redirect Url. Use 'Space' or 'Enter' to separate values field.

cURL Example

curl -v XGET 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/authorize?response_type=token&client_id=EF4128DCC0D24ED3BAC17FC918FDDBF5&redirect_uri=http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/oauthhandler'

or, just:

curl 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/authorize?response_type=token&client_id=EF4128DCC0D24ED3BAC17FC918FDDBF5&redirect_uri=http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/oauthhandler'

Success Response Example

redirect to redirect_uri?code=access_token=Pcej-9OdU_wshAjTn76MP-Cj5OgY_sfdYrt&expires_in=60000&token_type=Bearer

Error Response Example

redirect to redirect_uri with error

5.27.8 Example Get OAuth2 Token Information API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements a get operation for token information:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/token/info

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

GET

Parameters

token: token should be created via Create token.

cURL Example

curl -v XGET

'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/token/info?token=rdSOyor6hqJ2CrQ5QrpeXgX.ItgVEx1.nskN'

or, just:

curl

'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/token/info?token=rdSOyor6hqJ2CrQ5QrpeXgX.ItgVEx1.nskN'

Success Response Example

{
"expired": false,
"client_id": "92BF26DD50D748668730F7639C4A0D3D",
"user_id": "3000",
"access_token": "Lf_Sc-YeKHB8rsGfiGcLMKJOxbTGmpbdYs5wK3i7ZhINrjJlTOHEuV-phwJ1wE7.MjWqDcx8Lpri",
"expires_in": 1709,
"expires_on": 1531332707193,
"scopes": [
{
"scopeId": "c42a190a6488010b01648810b83a005a",
"name": "dev1 - /idp/oauth2/token/info"

},
{
"scopeId": "c42a190a6488010b01648810bdfd0096",
"name": "dev1 - /idp/rest/api/*"
},
{
"scopeId": "c42a190a6488010b01648810be2a0098",
"name": "dev1 - /webconsole/rest/api/*"
},
{
"scopeId": "c42a190a6488010b01648810be6d009b",
"name": "dev1 - /selfservice/rest/api/*"
},
{
"scopeId": "c42a190a6488010b01648810be96009d",
"name": "dev1 - /selfservice-ext/rest/api/*"
},
{
"scopeId": "c42a190a6488010b01648810bebf009f",
"name": "dev1 - /webconsole-idm/rest/api/*"
}
]
}

Error response example

// Some code{"code":401,"error":"invalid_token","error_description":"Authorization token is expired"}

5.27.9 Example Create OAuth2 Token API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM would create an OAuth2 token using authorization grant flow style:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/token

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

POST

Parameters

• client_secret: webconsole/Access Control/Authentification Providers/*needed provider* edit/ Client Secret field

• client_id: webconsole/Access Control/Authentification Providers/*needed provider* edit/ Client ID field

• grant_type: authorization_code

• redirect_uri: webconsole/Access Control/Authentification Providers/*needed provider* / Redirect Url. Use 'Space' or 'Enter' to separate values field

• code: code should be generated with Authorization code grant flow request.

Headers

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

cURL Example

curl -v -XPOST --data 'client_secret=client_secret&client_id=client_id&grant_type=authorization_code&redirect_uri=redirect_uri&code=code' 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/token'

Success Response Example

{
"access_token": "MjwOxreF7e-NW_NBA6UNuB9d_4IcohdK2bUSxqZ_BxDlCG7uD.ZstmoKwvuWq1hL49pClk3dlo",
"token_type": "Bearer",
"expires_in": 1800
}

Error Response Example

{
"error": "invalid_request",
"error_description": "Code parameter is expired"
}

{
"error": "invalid_request",
"error_description": "Redirect URL does not mach to initial one."
}

5.27.10 Example Revoke OAuth2 Token API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implements OAuth2 token revocation:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/token/revoke

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

POST

Headers

Content-Type=application/x-www-form-urlencoded

Parameters

token: token should be created via Create token.

cURL Example

curl -v XPOST --data 'token=token' 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/revoke'

Success Response Example

{
"status": "SUCCESS",
"errorCode": null,
"errorText": null,
"fieldMappings": null,
"stacktraceText": null,
"responseValue": null,
"errorTokenList": null,
"failure": false,
"success": true
}

Error Response Example

{"code":403,"error":"insufficient_scope","error_description":"The request requires higher privileges than provided by the access token","scope":"1531291154553_/idp/oauth2/revoke"}

**5.**27.11 Example Validate OAuth2 Token API

The following is a minimal example of how OpenIAM implmenents OAuth2 token validation:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/token/validate

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

GET

Parameters

token: token should be created via Create token.

cURL Example

curl -v XPOST --data 'refreesh_token=refreesh_token' 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/token/refresh'

Success Response Example

{
"access_token": "j4I6p0vDxZKduJXlipXZq5LNQqY1aJWvtYp812.k6246Sn2FY3rpyos..qJtScD8.wjytm1idsnopHmb.u",
"token_type": "Bearer",
"expires_in": 60,
"refresh_token": "0q1V8ZJaayxV5qcD4JtwF5.LyQOPMaZY.cNsIuZAYQ-TXGqrZDpy6AEOhc58dwEjgHDN2Bx_J.XkVTZ"
}

Error response example

{
"timestamp": 1531449532875,
"status": 400,
"error": "Bad Request",
"exception": "org.springframework.web.bind.MissingServletRequestParameterException",
"message": "Required String parameter 'refresh_token' is not present",
"path": "/idp/oauth2/token/refresh"
}

5.27.13 Example User Information from OAuth2 Token API

The following is a minimal example of how user information can be obtained from OpenIAM using an OAuth2 token:

URL

{server_url}/idp/oauth2/userinfo

Replace {server_url} with the name of the server.

Method

GET

Parameters

token: token should be created via Create token.

cURL Example

curl -v XGET 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/userinfo?token=rdSOyor6hqJ2CrQ5QrpeXgX.ItgVEx1.nskN'

or, just:

curl 'http://dev1.openiamdemo.com:8080/idp/oauth2/userinfo?token=rdSOyor6hqJ2CrQ5QrpeXgX.ItgVEx1.nskN'

Success Response Example

{
"sub": "3000"
}

Error Response Example

{"code":401,"error":"invalid_request","error_description":"Authorization token is not found"}
{"code":403,"error":"insufficient_scope","error_description":"The request requires higher privileges than provided by the access token","scope":"1531291154428_/idp/oauth2/userinfo"}

4.27.14 Example API for Defining Resources, Roles, Access and Provisioning

The most comprehensive API available for this is delivered by OpenIAM. Unfortunately this API is currently delivered in SOAP. The purpose of this API is to provide 3rd parties the ability to create resources, roles and access within the IAM system. There are multiple options to get this done including batch upload and configuration using the administrative user interface. This would need to be addressed at implementation time using the most practical means. There does not seem to be a current use case for the BB’s to create these types of resources on the fly using the IAM API. The API definitions can be found here: https://docs.openiam.com/docs-5.1.14/html/docs.htm#API/SOAP/SOAP.htm%3FTocPath%3DAPI%2520Guide%7CPart%2520II%253A%2520SOAP%2520API%2520integration%2520services%7C_____0